Justification (theology)

==Comparison of traditions==
Christian traditions answer questions about the nature, function and meaning of justification quite differently. These issues include: Is justification an event occurring instantaneously or is it as an ongoing process? Is justification effected by divine action alone (''[[monergism]]''), by divine and human action together (''[[synergism (theology)|synergism]]'') or by human action? Is justification permanent or can it be lost? What is the relationship of justification to [[sanctification]], the process whereby sinners become righteous and are enabled by the [[Holy Spirit]] to live lives pleasing to God?

[[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] Christians together believe that justification is by [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] through faith, though they differ on the relationship between faith, obedience, and justification.

Protestants believe justification is applied through [[Sola fide|faith alone]] and that rather than being made personally righteous and obedient, which Protestants generally delegate to sanctification as a distinct reality, justification is a forensic declaration of the believer to [[Alien righteousness|possess the righteousness and obedience of Christ]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trueman |first=Carl |title=Justification and the Protestant Reformation |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/essay/justification-and-the-protestant-reformation/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Gospel Coalition |language=en-US}}</ref>

Catholics and Orthodox Christians believe that the obedience that flows from faith is the cause of increase in justification; holding justification to be an ontological process of being truly made righteous by union and cooperation with Christ and also believe they are justified by God's grace which is a free gift received through baptism initially, through the faith which works by love in the continuous life and growth of the Christian and through the [[Sacrament of Reconciliation (Catholic Church)|sacrament of reconciliation]] if the grace of justification is lost through [[mortal sin]]. For the Catholic and Orthodox Christian, justification and sanctification are different ways of speaking of the [[Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)|same reality]], rather than positing an actual distinction between the two.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-08 |title=Justification – An Eastern Orthodox Perspective |url=https://crossings.org/justification-an-eastern-orthodox-perspective/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Crossings {{!}} The Crossings Community |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic and Protestant Views on Justification and Sanctification |url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/difference-between-catholic-and-protestant-views-on-justification-and-sanctification |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref>



{| border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" style="width:220px; margin-bottom:1em; text-align:center; border:1px solid #333; font-family:Arial; margin:0 10px; float:right;"
|- style="background:#9f9;"
|'''Tradition'''
|'''Process <br />or<br /> Event'''
|'''Type <br />of<br /> Action'''
|'''Permanence'''
|'''Justification <br />&<br /> Sanctification'''
|- style="background:#ededed;"
|'''Roman Catholic'''
|Both event and process
|[[Synergy (theology)|Synergism]]
|Can be lost via any [[mortal sin]]
|Part of the same process
|-
|'''Lutheran'''
|Event that is [[Confession (Lutheran Church)|continuously]] renewed in [[Means of grace|Word and Sacrament]]
|Divine [[monergism]]
|Can be lost via loss of faith
|Distinct from and cause of sanctification
|- style="background:#ededed;"
|'''Methodist'''
|Event
|Synergism
|Can be lost via loss of faith or willful sin
|Distinct from yet always accompanied by sanctification
|- style="background:#ededed;"
|'''Eastern Orthodox'''
|Process
|Synergism
|Can be lost via loss of faith or willful sin
|Part of the same process (''[[Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)|theosis]]'')
|-
|'''Calvinist'''
|Event
|Divine monergism
|Cannot be lost
|Both are a result of [[union with Christ]]
|}

===Catholic Church===
{{Main article|Infused righteousness}} 
To Catholics, justification is "a translation, from that state wherein man is born a child of the first Adam, to the state of grace, and of the adoption of the sons of God, through the second Adam, Jesus Christ, our Savior",<ref>{{Cite web |title=CT06 |url=https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=history.hanover.edu |page=Chapter 4 |no-pp=y}}</ref> including the transforming of a sinner from the state of unrighteousness to the state of holiness. This transformation is made possible by accessing the [[Merit (Catholicism)|merit of Christ]], made available in the atonement, through faith and the sacraments.<ref>"Decree on Justification", chap. 7</ref> The Catholic Church teaches that "faith without works is dead"<ref>{{cite book|title=James 2:26|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=James%202:26&version=DRA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/1815.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1815 |publisher=The Vatican |location=The Vatican}}</ref> and that works perfect faith.<ref>{{cite book|title=James 2:22|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=James%202:22&version=DRA}}</ref>

In Catholic theology, all are born in a state of [[original sin]], meaning that the sinful nature of Adam is inherited by all. Following Augustine, the Catholic Church asserts that people are unable to make themselves righteous; instead, they require justification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=history.hanover.edu - /texts/trent/ |url=https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=history.hanover.edu |page=Chapters 1, 7, 8 |no-pp=y}}</ref>

Catholic theology holds that the sacrament of baptism, which is closely connected to faith, "purifies, justifies and sanctifies" the sinner; in this sacrament, the sinner is "freed from sin".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm |title= The sacrament of Baptism|work= [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]|access-date=January 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1 Peter 3:21|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Peter%203:21&version=DRA}}</ref> This is termed initial justification or "being cleansed of sin", the entrance into the Christian life. Catholics use Mark 16:16, John 3:5, Acts 2:38, and 1 Peter 3:21 to support this view in justification by baptism.

As the individual then progresses in his Christian life, he continues to receive God's grace both directly through the Holy Spirit as well as through the sacraments. This has the effect of combating sin in the individual's life, causing him to become more righteous both in heart and in action. If one falls into [[mortal sin]] he loses his justification and it can be gained back through the [[Sacrament of Reconciliation (Catholic Church)|sacrament of confession]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1446|location=The Vatican|quote=Christ instituted the sacrament of Penance for all sinful members of his Church: above all for those who, since Baptism, have fallen into grave sin, and have thus lost their baptismal grace and wounded ecclesial communion. It is to them that the sacrament of Penance offers a new possibility to convert and to recover the grace of justification. The Fathers of the Church present this sacrament as "the second plank [of salvation] after the shipwreck which is the loss of grace."}}</ref>

At the [[Last Judgment|Final Judgment]], the individual's works will then be evaluated.<ref>Mt. 25</ref> At that time, those who are righteous will be shown to be so. This is the permanent justification.

In the [[Council of Trent]], which Catholics believe to be infallible, the Catholic Church declared in the VII session in canon IV that, "If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation, but superfluous; and that, without them, or without the desire thereof, men obtain of God, through faith alone, the grace of justification;-though all (the sacraments) are not indeed necessary for every individual; let him be [[Anathema#Catholicism|anathema]] (excommunicated)."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Council of Trent Session 7|url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct07.html}}</ref>

===Eastern Christianity===
Eastern Christianity, including both [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], tends to not have a strong emphasis on justification as compared to [[Catholicism]] or [[Protestantism]], seeing it as part of the concept of "[[Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)|theosis]]"; justification is often viewed by Eastern theologians as too highly forensic and they reject it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nassif |first=Bradley |title=Three Views on Eastern Orthodoxy and Evangelicalism |publisher=Zondervan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-310-86436-3 |editor=Gundry |editor-first=Stanley |location=Grand Rapids, MI |page=39 |chapter=The Evangelical Theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church |editor2=Stamoolis |editor-first2=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4N49G8LPayMC&pg=PA39}}</ref> The Greek term for justification ({{lang|grc|δικαίωσις}}, ''dikaiōsis'') is not understood by most Eastern theologians to mean simply being pardoned of one's sins. In large part, this de-emphasis on justification is historical. The Eastern church sees humanity as inheriting the disease of sin from Adam, but not his [[Original sin|guilt]]; hence, there is no need in Eastern theology for any forensic justification.<ref>Orthodox Church in America, online doctrine. {{cite web|url=http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=20|title=Redemption|access-date=2006-05-12|archive-date=2011-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607062916/http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=20|url-status=dead}}; Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America web site {{cite web|url=http://www.goarch.org/print/en/ourfaith/article8038.asp|title=The Dogmatic Tradition of the Orthodox Church}}</ref>

The Orthodox see salvation as a process of ''[[Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)|theosis]]'', in which the individual is united to Christ and the life of Christ is reproduced within him. Thus, in one sense, justification is an aspect of theosis.<ref>Bishop Dmitri, Orthodox Christian Teaching, (Syosset, New York: Orthodox Church of America, 1983), p. 77.</ref> However, it is also the case that those who are baptized into the church and experience [[Chrismation]] are considered to be cleansed of sin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mastrantonis |first=George |date=1996 |title=The Fundamental Teachings of the Eastern Orthodox Church |url=http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7063.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222052844/http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7063.asp |archive-date=22 February 2007 |publisher=[[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]]}}</ref> Hence, the Orthodox concept of justification cannot be reconciled to Protestant concepts, while it is in partial agreement with some Roman Catholic concepts. In the words of one Orthodox Bishop:

{{blockquote|Justification is a word used in the Scriptures to mean that in Christ we are forgiven and actually made righteous in our living. Justification is not a once-for-all, instantaneous pronouncement guaranteeing eternal salvation, regardless of how wickedly a person might live from that point on. Neither is it merely a legal declaration that an unrighteous person is righteous. Rather, justification is a living, dynamic, day-to-day reality for the one who follows Christ. The Christian actively pursues a righteous life in the grace and power of God granted to all who continue to believe in Him.<ref>Holy Trinity Orthodox Mission, Bishop Alexander (editor), {{cite web| url=http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/catechism_ext.htm| title=The Orthodox Church}}</ref>|author=Bishop Alexander}}

"The Holy Spirit effects the vocation, the illumination, the conversion, the justification, the rebirth in Baptism and the sanctification in the Church..."<ref>The Road to Unity:  The agreed statements of the joint Old Catholic – Orthodox Theological Commissions IV/2 October 7, 1983.</ref>

===Anabaptism===
[[Anabaptist]] cleric David Griffin writes:<ref name="Griffin2016">{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=David Graham |title=The Word Became Flesh: A Rapprochement of Christian Natural Law and Radical Christological Ethics |date=16 May 2016 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-3925-7 |page=108 |language=En}}</ref>

{{quotation|For early Anabaptists, ''sola fide'' muted the call to imitate Christ by excusing anti-Christian behavior generally, and justifying violence towards fellow Christians in particular. True ''fide'', it was argued, takes Christ both as savior and example. That is, faith is directed not just to the soteriological work of Christ's death, but also towards his exemplary human life. Faith accepts that because Christ's earthly life pleased God, it is normative for proper human experience. Consequently, early Anabaptism expected an affirmative answer to two basic questions: 1) "Do you believe that Christ bore your sins?" and 2) "Do you believe that Jesus' human life, which pleased God, should be copied?"<ref name="Griffin2016"/>|author=Griffin}}

[[Menno Simons]] wrote in his "Confession of the Distressed Christians" that salvation was not in "works, words or sacraments" but are found only in Christ. In 1539 he wrote the qualities of this faith; " true evangelical faith... cannot lay dormant; but manifests itself in all righteousness and works of love; it... clothes the naked; feeds the hungry; consoles the afflicted; shelters the miserable; aids and consoles all the oppressed; returns good for evil; serves those that injure it; prays for those that persecute it."<ref name="Simons1539">{{cite wikisource|chapter=The Reason Why Menno Simons Does Not Cease Teaching and Writing|wslink=The Complete Works of Menno Simons|plaintitle=The Complete Works of Menno Simons|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref> [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] wrote in "Eighteen Thesis Concerning the Christian Life" that "Faith alone makes us righteous before God" but further added that "such faith cannot remain idle, but must break forth in gratitude toward God and in all sorts of works of brotherly love toward others."{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} [[Pilgram Marpeck]] similarly wrote that the sinner was justified by faith and also that, "If God…liberates him (the sinner) from the bonds, cords, and power of the devil, and if Christ lives in him again through His Holy Spirit, he is justified through Christ and no longer a sinner. His sins and the stain of his wickedness have been washed away and cleansed through the blood of Christ, and God does not hold sin against him". Justification for Marpeck is, in  a word, liberation—namely, the liberation from the powers of darkness.<ref name="Macgregor2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319128415 |last=MacGregor |first=Kirk |date=2010 |title=Pilgram Marpeck's Doctrine of Justification}}</ref>

===Lutheranism===
{{lutheranism}}
{{See also|Theology of Martin Luther|Sola Fide}}
From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as [[penance]] and [[righteousness]] by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the Church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity, the most important of which, for Luther, was the doctrine of justification&mdash;God's act of declaring a sinner righteous&mdash;by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that [[salvation]] or redemption is a gift of God's [[Sola gratia|grace]], attainable only through faith in Jesus.<ref name=Wriedt>Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology", in ''The Cambridge Companion to Luther''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94.</ref>

"This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", insisted [[Martin Luther]], "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."<ref name="Luther">Selected passages from Martin Luther, "Commentary on Galatians (1538)" as translated in Herbert J. A. Bouman, "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions", Concordia Theological Monthly 26 (November 1955) No. 11:801.{{cite web|url=http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021427/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577 |archive-date=2008-05-12 }}</ref> He also called this doctrine the ''articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesiae'' ("article of the standing and falling of the church"): "…if this article stands, the Church stands; if it falls, the Church falls."<ref>In XV Psalmos graduum 1532-33; WA 40/III.352.3</ref> Lutherans follow Luther in this when they call this doctrine "the [[material principle]]" of theology in relation to the Bible, which is "the [[formal principle]]."<ref name="material">Herbert J. A. Bouman, "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions", 801-802.</ref> They believe justification by grace alone through faith alone in Christ's righteousness alone is the [[gospel]], the core of the Christian faith around which all other Christian doctrines are centered and based.

Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God. When God's righteousness is mentioned in the gospel, it is God's action of declaring righteous the unrighteous sinner who has faith in Jesus Christ.<ref>Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut Lehmann, eds., ''Luther's Works'', 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 34:337</ref> The righteousness by which the person is justified (declared righteous) is not his own (theologically, ''proper'' righteousness) but that of another, Christ, (''alien'' righteousness). "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law", said Luther. "Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ".<ref name="faith1">[http://www.ProjectWittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt Martin Luther's Definition of Faith]</ref> Thus faith, for Luther, is a gift from God, and "...a living, bold trust in God's grace, so certain of God's favor that it would risk death a thousand times trusting in it."<ref name="faith2">{{Cite web |title=Preface to Romans by Martin Luther |url=https://www.ccel.org/l/luther/romans/pref_romans.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref> This faith grasps Christ's righteousness and appropriates it for the believer. He explained his concept of "justification" in the [[Smalcald Articles]]:

{{blockquote|The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24-25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ([[Gospel of John|John]] 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ([[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23-25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us&nbsp;... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 13:31).<ref>Luther, Martin. "The Smalcald Articles", in ''Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions''. (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005), 289, Part two, Article 1</ref>|title=Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions}}

Traditionally, Lutherans have taught "forensic" (or legal) justification, a divine verdict of acquittal pronounced on the believing sinner. God declares the sinner to be "not guilty" because Christ has taken his place, living a perfect life according to God's law and suffering for his sins. For Lutherans justification is in no way dependent upon the thoughts, words, and deeds of those justified through faith alone in Christ. The new obedience that the justified sinner renders to God through sanctification follows justification as a consequence, but is not part of justification.''<ref name="sanct">Herbert J. A. Bouman, ''The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions'', p. 805.</ref>''

Lutherans believe that individuals receive this gift of salvation through faith alone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bookofconcord.com/augsburgconfession.html#article4 |title=Augsburg Confession, Article 4, "Of Justification" |access-date=2009-03-09 |archive-date=2008-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210355/http://www.bookofconcord.com/augsburgconfession.html#article4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saving faith is the knowledge of,<ref>{{bibleverse||John|17:3|31}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|1:77|31}},{{bibleverse||Galatians|4:9|31}}, {{bibleverse||Philippians|3:8|31}}, and {{bibleverse|1|Timothy|2:4|31}} refer to faith in terms of knowledge.</ref> acceptance of,<ref>{{bibleverse||John|5:46|31}} refers to acceptance of the truth of Christ's teaching, while {{bibleverse||John|3:36|31}} notes the rejection of his teaching.</ref> and trust in<ref>{{bibleverse||John|3:16,36|50}}, {{bibleverse||Galatians|2:16|31}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|4:20-25|31}}, {{bibleverse|2|Timothy|1:12|31}} speak of trust, confidence, and belief in Christ. {{bibleverse||John|3:18|31}} notes belief in the name of Christ, and {{bibleverse||Mark|1:15}} notes belief in the gospel.</ref> the promise of the Gospel.<ref name="Engelder">{{Cite book |last=Engelder |first=Theodore Edward William |url=http://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1 |title=Popular symbolics [microform]: the doctrines of the churches of Christendom and of other religious bodies examined in the light of Scripture |date=1934 |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |others=Internet Archive |location=Saint Louis, Missouri, United States |pages=54-55, Part XIV}}</ref> Even faith itself is seen as a gift of God, created in the hearts of Christians<ref name="Engelder_p78">[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ps.%2051:10;&version=31; Ps. 51:10], Engelder, T.E.W., [https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1 Popular Symbolics]. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p.57 Part XV. "Conversion", paragraph 78.</ref> by the work of the Holy Spirit through the Word<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2017:20;&version=31; John 17:20], [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom.%2010:17;&version=47; Rom. 10:17], Engelder, T.E.W., [https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1 Popular Symbolics]. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p.101 Part XXV. "The Church", paragraph 141.</ref> and Baptism.<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus%203:5;&version=50; Titus 3:5], Engelder, T.E.W., [[iarchive:MN41551ucmf_1|Popular Symbolics]]. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p. 87 Part XXIII. "Baptism", paragraph 118.</ref> Faith is seen as an instrument that receives the gift of salvation, not something that causes salvation.<ref name="Engelder_p78" /> Thus, Lutherans reject the "[[decision theology]]" which is common among modern [[evangelicalism|evangelicals]].

For Lutherans, justification provides the power by which Christians can grow in holiness. Such improvement comes about in the believer only after he has become a new creation in Christ. This improvement is not completed in this life: Christians are always "saint and sinner at the same time" (''simul iustus et peccator'')<ref>"daily we sin, daily we are justified" from the Disputation Concerning Justification (1536) {{ISBN|0-8006-0334-6}}</ref>—saints because they are holy in God's eyes, for Christ's sake, and do works that please him; sinners because they continue to sin until death.

===Anglicanism===
In historic [[Anglicanism]], the eleventh article of the ''[[Thirty-Nine Articles]]'', consistent with [[Reformed theology]], makes it clear that justification cannot be earned, "We are accounted righteous before God... not for our own works or deservings".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Religion. |url=https://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/articles/articles.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.eskimo.com}}</ref> The Most Rev. Peter Robinson, [[presiding bishop]] of the [[United Episcopal Church of North America]], writes:<ref name="Robinson2012"/>

{{quotation|The 42 Articles of 1552 and the [[39 Articles]] of 1563, both commit the Church of England to the fundamentals of the Reformed Faith. Both sets of Articles affirm the centrality of Scripture, and take a [[Monergism|monergist]] position on Justification. Both sets of Articles affirm that the Church of England accepts the doctrine of predestination and election as a 'comfort to the faithful' but warn against over much speculation concerning that doctrine. Indeed a casual reading of the Wurttemburg Confession of 1551, the Second Helvetic Confession, the Scots Confession of 1560, and the XXXIX Articles of Religion reveal them to be cut from the same bolt of cloth.<ref name="Robinson2012">{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Peter |title=The Reformed Face of Anglicanism |publisher=The Old High Churchman |language=English|url=http://theoldhighchurchman.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-reformed-face-of-anglicanism.html|date=2 August 2012}}</ref>|author=Peter Robinson|title=The Reformed Face of Anglicanism}}

Some [[Anglo-Catholics]] believe both man and God are involved in justification. "Justification has an objective and a subjective aspect. The objective is the act of God in Christ restoring the covenant and opening it to all people. The subjective aspect is faith, trust in the divine factor, acceptance of divine mercy. Apart from the presence of the subjective aspect there is no justification. People are not justified apart from their knowledge or against their will...God forgives and accepts sinners as they are into the divine fellowship, and that these sinners are in fact changed by their trust in the divine mercy."<ref>Theological Questions (1983), Thomas, C. Owen, pp. 81–82, sometime Fiske Professor of Systematic Theology, Episcopal Divinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts)</ref> Justification, the establishment of a relationship with God through Christ, and sanctification go hand in hand. Certain Anglican theologians (especially Anglo-Catholics) argue for a faith characterized by ''faithfulness'', where good works and the Sacraments play important roles in the life of the Christian believer. (see [[New Perspective on Paul]])

===Arminianism/Methodism===
{{Main article|Imparted righteousness}}
[[John Wesley]], the founder of [[Methodism]], was heavily influenced by the thought of [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch Reformed]] theologian [[Jacob Arminius]] and [[Hugo Grotius]]' [[Atonement (Governmental view)|governmental theory]] of the atonement. Hence, he held that God's work in us consisted of [[prevenient grace]], which undoes the effects of sin sufficiently that we may then freely choose to believe. An individual's act of faith then results in becoming part of the body of Christ, which allows one to appropriate Christ's atonement for oneself, erasing the guilt of sin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/serm-005.stm |title=John Wesley: Sermon 5: Justification by Faith<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-05-03 |archive-date=2014-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330135025/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/serm-005.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[Articles of Religion (Methodist)|Articles of Religion]] in the ''[[Book of Discipline of the Methodist Church]]'':

{{blockquote|We are accounted righteous before God only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, by faith, and not for our own works or deservings. Wherefore, that we are justified by faith only is a most wholesome doctrine, and very full of comfort.<ref>[http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1650 The United Methodist Church: The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church – Article IX – Of the Justification of Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233830/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1650 |date=2007-09-26 }}</ref>|title=The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church|source=Article IX – Of the Justification of Man}}

[[Methodist theology]] teaches that justification and [[Regeneration (theology)|regeneration]] occur during the [[born again|New Birth]]:<ref name="Emmanuel2002"/>

{{quotation|Though these two phases of the new birth occur simultaneously, they are, in fact, two separate and distinct acts. Justification is that gracious and judicial act of God whereby a soul is granted complete absolution from all guilt and a full release from the penalty of sin (Romans 3:23-25). This act of divine grace is wrought by faith in the merits of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (Romans 5:1). Regeneration is the impartation of divine life which is manifested in that radical change in the moral character of man, from the love and life of sin to the love of God and the life of righteousness (2 Corinthians 5:17; 1 Peter 1:23). <ref name="Emmanuel2002">{{cite book |title=Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches |date=2002 |publisher=[[Emmanuel Association]] |location=[[Logansport, Indiana|Logansport]] |pages=7–8 |language=English}}</ref>|title=Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches|source=Principles of Faith, [[Emmanuel Association|Emmanuel Association of Churches]]}}

However, once the individual has been so justified, one must then continue in the new life given; if one fails to persevere in the faith and in fact falls away from God in total unbelief, the attachment to Christ – and with it, justification – may be lost.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gbgm-umc.org/UMHISTORY/Wesley/sermons/serm-086.stm |title=Sermon redirection<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-05-03 |archive-date=2013-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614190017/http://gbgm-umc.org/UMHISTORY/Wesley/sermons/serm-086.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Reformed/Calvinist===
{{Main article|Imputed righteousness}}
[[John Calvin]]'s understanding of justification was in substantial agreement with Martin Luther's. Calvin expanded this understanding by emphasizing that justification is a part of one's union with Christ. The center of Calvin's [[soteriology]] was [[Union with Christ]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Calvin|first=John|title=Institutes of the Christian Religion|at=III.xi.10}}</ref> For Calvin, one is united to Christ by faith, and all of the benefits of Christ come from being united to him. Therefore, anyone who is justified will also receive all of the benefits of salvation, including [[sanctification]]. Thus, while Calvin agreed in substance with the "simultaneously saint and sinner" formulation,<ref>{{cite book|last=Calvin|first=John|title=Institutes of the Christian Religion|at=III.xiii}}</ref> he was more definite in asserting that the result of being justified is a consequent sanctification.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calvin|first=John|title=Institutes of the Christian Religion|at=III.xiv.19; III.xvi}}</ref> Calvin also used more definite language than Luther, spelling out the exchange notion of [[imputed righteousness]]: that the good works that Jesus did in his life (collectively referred to as the [[active obedience of Christ]]) are imputed to his people, while their sins were imputed to him on the cross.

For Calvin, Adam and Jesus functioned as ''[[federal head]]s'', or legal representatives, meaning that each one represented his people through his actions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calvin|first=John|title=Institutes of the Christian Religion|at=II.i.8}}</ref> When Adam sinned, all of Adam's people were accounted to have sinned at that moment. When Jesus achieved righteousness, all of his people were accounted to be righteous at that moment. In this way Calvin attempted to simultaneously solve the problems of original sin, justification, and atonement.

Some of the technical details of this union with Christ are tied into Calvin's understanding of the [[Atonement (satisfaction view)|atonement]] and of [[predestination]].

One outcome of Calvin's change in center over against Luther was that he saw justification as a permanent feature of being connected to Christ: since, for Calvin, people are attached to Christ monergistically, it is therefore impossible for them to lose justification if indeed they were once justified. This idea was expressed by the [[Synod of Dort]] as the "perseverance of the saint."

In recent times, two controversies have arisen in the Reformed churches over justification. The first concerns the teaching of "final justification" by [[Norman Shepherd]]; the second is the exact relationship of justification, sanctification, and church membership, which is part of a larger controversy concerning the ''[[Federal Vision]]''.

===The New Church (Emanuel Swedenborg)===
According to the doctrine of [[The New Church]], as explained by [[Emanuel Swedenborg]], the doctrine of justification by faith alone is a false belief which forms the foundation of much of Protestant theology. Man must of his own volition justify himself, and yet believe that justification comes from God only. Not only must man believe in God, but must love God with all his strength, and his neighbor as himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swedenborg |first=Emanuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wukqAAAAYAAJ |title=The True Christian Religion: Containing the Universal Theology of the New Church, Foretold by the Lord in Daniel, VII. 13, 14, and in the Apocalypse, XXI. 1, 2 |date=1910 |publisher=American Swedenborg printing and publishing society |at=n. 71 |language=en |translator-last=Ager |translator-first=John}}</ref>

Inasmuch as man obeys God's commandment to love others, so God conjoins himself to man, and man to God. It is from this that man's belief becomes a living and saving belief.<ref>Swedenborg, Emanuel. The True Christian Religion, containing the Universal Theology of the New Church, 1771. Trans. by John Ager, 1910, n. 74.</ref>

It is by means of faith from charity, that a man is reformed and justified, and this is done as if from himself, and this proceeds from the Divine Truth which flows in from the Holy Spirit.<ref>Swedenborg, Emanuel. The True Christian Religion, containing the Universal Theology of the New Church, 1771. Trans. by John Ager, 1910, n. 142, 150.</ref> Man is of the will and understanding, and he is saved when both are brought into accordance with God's will.

"Believing in the Lord is not merely acknowledging Him but also doing His commandments; for simply acknowledging Him is solely a matter of thought, arising from somewhat of the understanding; but doing His commandments is also a matter of acknowledgment from the will. Man's mind consists of understanding and will; and as the understanding deals with thinking and the will with doing, so when man's acknowledgment is merely from the thought of the understanding he comes to the Lord with only half of his mind; but when there is doing he comes with all of it; and this is to believe."<ref>Swedenborg, Emanuel. The True Christian Religion, containing the Universal Theology of the New Church, 1771. Trans. by John Ager, 1910, n. 151.</ref>

===Other===
[[Universal reconciliation|Universalism]] became a significant minority view in the 18th century, popularized by thinkers such as [[John Murray (minister)|John Murray]] (the American, not [[John Murray (theologian)|the Scot]]). Universalism holds that Christ's death on the cross has entirely atoned for the sin of humanity; hence, God's wrath is or will be satisfied for all people. Conservative and liberal varieties of universalism then point in different directions. Pluralistic [[Unitarian Universalism]] asserts that many different religions all lead to God. Others teach that God's love is sufficient to cover for sins, thus embracing some form of the [[Atonement (Moral influence view)|moral influence]] theory of [[Peter Abelard]]. For some universalists, justification either was accomplished once and for all in the crucifixion, or is altogether unnecessary.

A range of so-called [[New Perspectives on Paul]], represented by Protestant scholars such as [[E.P. Sanders]], [[N.T. Wright]], and [[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]], have given rise to a re-thinking of the historical Protestant understanding of justification. Proponents of this view argue that Paul's letters have too often been read through the lens of the Protestant Reformation rather than in the context of first-century Second Temple Judaism, and therefore impose a religion of legalism on their understanding of [[Pharisees|Pharisaism]]. This view has been criticized by a number of Reformed ministers and theologians including [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], [[D.A. Carson]], and [[Sinclair Ferguson]].<ref name="Piper2008">{{cite book |last=Piper |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDpOPgAACAAJ |title=The Future of Justification: A Response to N.T. Wright |publisher=Inter-Varsity Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84474-250-9 |location=Downers Grove, IL |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CarsonMoo2013">{{cite book|last1=Carson|first1=D. A. |last2=Moo|first2=Douglas J. |title=Introducing the New Testament: A Short Guide to Its History and Message|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVEt0ys3ERkC&pg=PA78|year=2013|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=978-0-310-51489-3|pages=78–79}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson2016">{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Sinclair B. |title=The Whole Christ: Legalism, Antinomianism, and Gospel Assurance—Why the Marrow Controversy Still Matters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lFdCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|year=2016|publisher=Crossway|location=Wheaton, IL|isbn=978-1-4335-4803-1|pages=72–74}}</ref>

The [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), believes that while justification is a gift from God,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/justification-justify?lang=eng|title=Justification, Justify|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> the recipient must choose it through striving to do good works to the extent possible. The [[Second Nephi|Second Book of Nephi]] states "...it is by grace that we are saved, after all we can do."<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Nephi 25 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/25 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en}}</ref> In LDS theology, justification is not earned through good works, but rather chosen by striving to rid one's life of sin. This allows God to rescue his children from sin while not infringing on their agency.<ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/agency?lang=eng&letter=A Agency]</ref>