Israel Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Modern period and the emergence of Zionism === {{main|Ottoman Syria|Jerusalem Sanjak|Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem}} {{further|Old Yishuv|Zionism}} [[File:Jews at Western Wall by Felix Bonfils, 1870s.jpg|thumb|Jews at the [[Western Wall]] in the 1870s]] In 1516, the region was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire]]; it was ruled as a part of [[Ottoman Syria]] for the next four centuries. In 1660, a [[Druze power struggle (1658–1667)#Lebanon and Galilee campaign|Druze revolt]] led to the destruction of [[1660 destruction of Safed|Safed]] and [[1660 destruction of Tiberias|Tiberias]].<ref>Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...."</ref> In the late 18th century, local Arab [[Sheikh]] [[Zahir al-Umar]] created a de facto independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans regained control of the area. In 1799 governor [[Jazzar Pasha]] repelled an [[Siege of Acre (1799)|assault on Acre]] by troops of [[Napoleon]], prompting the French to abandon the Syrian campaign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palestine – Ottoman rule |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine#ref45065 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204202215/https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine#ref45065 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1834, a [[Peasants' revolt in Palestine|revolt by Palestinian Arab peasants]] against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies under [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] was suppressed; Muhammad Ali's army retreated and Ottoman rule was restored with British support in 1840.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macalister |first1=R. A. Stewart |last2=Masterman |first2=E. W. G. |year=1906 |title=The Modern Inhabitants of Palestine |page=[https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme38pale#page/40/mode/1up 40] |journal=Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund |url=https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme38pale#page}}</ref> Shortly after, the [[Tanzimat]] reforms were implemented across the Ottoman Empire. Since the existence of the [[Jewish diaspora]], many Jews have aspired to [[Aliyah|return]] to "Zion".<ref>{{harvnb|Rosenzweig|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wKuU3ZBS7gEC&pg=PA1 1]}}. "Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ..."</ref> The Jewish population of Palestine from the outset of Ottoman rule to the beginning of the Zionist movement, known as the [[Old Yishuv]], comprised a minority and fluctuated in size. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the [[Four Holy Cities]]—[[Jerusalem]], [[Tiberias]], [[Hebron]], and [[Safed]]—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present |last=Eisen |first=Yosef |year=2004 |publisher=Targum Press |isbn=978-1-56871-323-6 |page=700}}</ref> In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European Jews who were [[Misnagdim|opponents]] of [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidism]], known as the [[Perushim]], settled in Palestine.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hastening redemption: Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel |last=Morgenstern |first=Arie |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530578-4 |page=304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine |last=Barnai |first=Jacob |year=1992 |publisher=University Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-0572-7 |page=320}}</ref> [[File:THEODOR HERZL AT THE FIRST ZIONIST CONGRESS IN BASEL ON 25.8.1897. תאודור הרצל בקונגרס הציוני הראשון - 1897.8.25.jpg|thumb|The [[First Zionist Congress]] (1897) in [[Basel]], Switzerland]] The first wave of modern Jewish migration to [[Southern Syria|Ottoman-ruled Palestine]], known as the [[First Aliyah]], began in 1881, as Jews fled [[pogrom]]s in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Halpern|first=Ben|title=Zionism and the creation of a new society |url=https://archive.org/details/zionismcreationn00halp|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Reinharz, Jehuda |year=1998|isbn=978-0-585-18273-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/zionismcreationn00halp/page/n61 53]–54|oclc=44960036}}</ref> The ensuing [[May Laws]] of 1882 increased economic discrimination against the Jews, and restricted where they could live.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mandel |first=Neville J. |date=1974 |title=Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=10 |issue=3 |url=https://ismi.emory.edu/documents/Readings/Mandel,%20Neville%20J.%20Ottoman%20Policy.pdf |pages=312–332 |doi=10.1080/00263207408700278 |issn=0026-3206 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203103201/https://ismi.emory.edu/documents/Readings/Mandel,%20Neville%20J.%20Ottoman%20Policy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Levine|first=Aaron|date=2014|title=Russian Jews and the 1917 Revolution|url=https://psource.sitehost.iu.edu/PDF/Archive%20Articles/Spring2014/2014%20-%20Spring%20-%203%20-%20Levine%20Aaron.pdf|page=14|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091831/https://psource.sitehost.iu.edu/PDF/Archive%20Articles/Spring2014/2014%20-%20Spring%20-%203%20-%20Levine%20Aaron.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In response political [[Zionism]] began to take form, with some of its activists founding movements such as the [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]], and [[Lovers of Zion]], while [[Leon Pinsker]] published the pamphlet [[Auto-Emancipation]] (1882), which urged Jews to seek national independence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Zionist Settlement in Palestine|url=https://sites.rutgers.edu/jewish-agriculture/a-world-of-jewish-farming/early-zionist-settlement-in-palestine/|website=[[Rutgers University]]|access-date=8 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208234340/https://sites.rutgers.edu/jewish-agriculture/a-world-of-jewish-farming/early-zionist-settlement-in-palestine/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Leibovitz|first=Liel|title=Auto-Emancipation, Leo Pinsker (1882)|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/auto-emancipation-leo-pinsker-1882|magazine=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]]|date=September 17, 2013|access-date=9 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209004445/https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/auto-emancipation-leo-pinsker-1882|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Theodor Herzl]] is credited with founding political Zionism,<ref>{{harvnb|Kornberg|1993}}. "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"</ref> a movement that sought to establish a [[Jewish state]] in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called [[Jewish question]] of the European states.{{sfn|Herzl|1946|p=11}} In 1896, Herzl published {{Lang|de|[[Der Judenstaat]]}} (''The Jewish State''); the following year he presided over the [[First Zionist Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter One |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/israel/content/23396 |website=The Jewish Agency for Israel1|access-date=21 September 2015 |date=21 July 2005|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210124104/http://www.jewishagency.org/israel/content/23396}}</ref> The [[Second Aliyah]] (1904–1914) began after the [[Kishinev pogrom]]; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly [[Orthodox Jews]],<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|2003|p=88}}. "As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews ..."</ref> although the Second Aliyah included [[Labor Zionism|Zionist socialist]] groups who established the ''[[kibbutz]]'' movement based on the idea of establishing a separate Jewish economy based exclusively on Jewish labor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moris |first1=Beni |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 - 2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780679744757 |edition=1. Vintage Books |quote=Many of these newcomers possessed a mixture of socialist and nationalist values, and they eventually succeeded in setting up a separate Jewish economy, based wholly on Jewish labor.}}</ref>{{sfn|Romano|2003|p=30}} Those of the Second Aliyah who would go on to become the leaders of the Yishuv in the coming decades believed that the settler economy should not depend on Arab labor. This "conquest of labor" would be a dominant source of antagonism with the Arab population, with the new Yishuv's nationalist ideology overpowering its socialist one.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moris |first1=Beni |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 - 2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780679744757 |edition=1. Vintage Books |quote=Another major cause of antagonism was the labor controversy. The hard core of Second Aliyah socialists, who were to become the Yishuv’s leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that the settler economy must not depend on or exploit Arab labor... But, in reality, rather than “meshing,” the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos... There were other reasons for the “conquest of labor.” The socialists of the Second Aliyah used the term to denote three things: overcoming the Jews’ traditional remove from agricultural labor and helping them transform into the “new Jews”; struggling against employers for better conditions; and replacing Arabs with Jews in manual jobs.}}</ref> Though the immigrants of the Second Aliyah largely sought to create communal Jewish agricultural settlements, the period saw the establishment of [[Tel Aviv]] as the first planned Jewish town in 1909. This period also saw the emergence of Jewish armed militias, the first being [[Bar-Giora (organization)|Bar-Giora]] in 1907. Two years later, the larger [[Hashomer]] organization was founded as its replacement. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page