Iowa Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Indian removal, 1814β1832=== {{See also|Indian removal}}The United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|title=Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction|last=Drexler|first=Ken|website=guides.loc.gov|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405194808/https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|url-status=live}}</ref> A disputed [[Treaty of St. Louis (1804)|1804 treaty]] between [[Quashquame]] and [[William Henry Harrison]] (then governor of the [[Indiana Territory]]) that surrendered much of [[Illinois]] to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 [[Black Hawk War]].<ref name="Jung">{{Cite book|author=Jung, Patrick J. |title=The Black Hawk War of 1832|date=2007|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3811-4|location=Norman|oclc=70718369}}</ref> The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] sold their land in the [[Mississippi Valley]] during 1832 in the [[Black Hawk Purchase]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0349.htm|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922055639/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0349.htm#mn5|archive-date=September 22, 2017|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> and sold their remaining land in Iowa in 1842, most of them moving to a reservation in Kansas.<ref name="Jung" /> Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near [[Tama, Iowa]]; the [[Meskwaki Settlement]] remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meskwaki.org/about-us/history/|title=History {{!}} Meskwaki Nation|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195746/https://meskwaki.org/about-us/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in contrast to the unprecedented act of the Iowa Legislature, the United States Federal Government, through the use of Treaties, forced the [[Ho-Chunk]] from Iowa in 1848,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-long-prairie-1846-1855|title=Ho-Chunk and Long Prairie, 1846β1855|last=Reicher|first=Matt|date=March 15, 2019|website=Mnopedia|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611152720/https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-long-prairie-1846-1855|url-status=live}}</ref> and forced the [[Sioux|Dakota]] from Iowa by 1858.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties {{!}} The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862|website=Usdakotawar.org|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref> Western Iowa around modern [[Council Bluffs]] was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the [[Council of Three Fires]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Clifton|first1=James A.|last2=Cornell|first2=George L.|last3=McClurken|first3=James M.|year=1986|title=People of the Three Fires|page=37|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321956.pdf|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=May 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518112033/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page