Greece Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Medieval period (4th–15th century) === {{Main|Byzantine Greece|Frankokratia}} [[File:Hagia Sophia Dome.png|alt=|thumb|Dome of [[Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki]] (8th century), one of the 15 [[UNESCO]]'s [[Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki|Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of the city]]]] The Roman Empire in the east, following the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in the 5th century, is known as the [[Byzantine Empire]] (but was called "Kingdom of the Romans" in its own time) and lasted until 1453. With its capital in [[Constantinople]], its language and culture were Greek and its religion was predominantly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christian]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies |editor-last=Jeffreys |editor-first=Elizabeth |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-925246-6 |page=4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4}}</ref> From the 4th century the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Halsall |first=Guy |title=Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West |pages=376–568 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007}}</ref> The raids by [[Goths]] and [[Huns]] in the 4th and 5th centuries and the [[South Slavs|Slavic]] invasion in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek [[peninsula]].{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 35–6}} Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognise imperial authority.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 35–6}} Outside these, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is thought to have occurred.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 63–6}}<ref>{{Cite book | first = TE | last = Gregory | title = A History of Byzantium | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2010 | page = 169 | quote = It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbors, including the Byzantines.}}</ref> However, the view that Greece in late antiquity underwent a crisis of decline, fragmentation and depopulation is now considered outdated, as Greek cities show institutional continuity and prosperity between the 4th and 6th centuries AD. In the early 6th century, Greece had approximately 80 cities according to the [[Synecdemus]] chronicle, and the period from the 4th to the 7th century is considered one of high prosperity not just in Greece but in the entire Eastern Mediterranean.<ref name="Rothaus2000">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Rothaus|title=Corinth, the First City of Greece: An Urban History of Late Antique Cult and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAhrDO1XQIC|year=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10922-3|page=10}}</ref> [[File:Map Byzantine Empire 1025-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire after the death of [[Basil II]] in 1025]] Until the 8th century almost all of modern Greece was under the jurisdiction of the [[Holy See]] of [[Rome]] according to the system of [[Pentarchy]]. Byzantine [[Emperor Leo III]] moved the border of the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]] westward and northward in the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&pg=PA203|title=Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes|first=Deno John|last=Geanakoplos|date=1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226284606}}</ref> The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces during the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]] began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, during the 9th century.<ref name= EB2>{{cite web | url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26387/Byzantine-recovery |title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Byzantine recovery | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | website = Online |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref>{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp =79–83}} This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 63–6}} During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth.<ref name=EB2 /> The [[Greek Orthodox Church]] was instrumental in the spread of Greek ideas to the wider [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox world]].<ref name=BritIdent>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300 – c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |id=Online Edition}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=September 2018 |reason=Where does it say that in the text?}} [[File:Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes (9451928431).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes]], originally built in the late 7th century as a Byzantine citadel and beginning from 1309 used by the [[Knights Hospitaller]] as an administrative centre]] Following the [[Fourth Crusade]] and fall of Constantinople to the "[[Latin Empire|Latins]]" in 1204, mainland Greece was split between the Greek [[Despotate of Epirus#Foundation|Despotate of Epirus]] and [[Kingdom of France|French]] rule<ref name = EB3>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Results of the Fourth Crusade|publisher=Online Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> (the ''[[Frankokratia]]'').<ref name= EB3A>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26395/The-islands|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: The islands|publisher=Online Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish [[Principality of Achaea]] in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek [[Despotate of Epirus]] in the north both remained regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.<ref name = EB3 /> During the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty|Paleologi dynasty]] (1261–1453) a new era of Greek patriotism emerged accompanied by a turning back to ancient Greece.<ref name=Vasiliev/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moles |first1=Ian |title=Nationalism and Byzantine Greece |journal=Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies |date=1969 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJhOAAAAIAAJ |language=en|quote=Greek nationalism, in other words, was articulated as the boundaries of Byzantium shrank... the Palaeologian restoration that the two words are brought into definite and cognate relationship with 'nation' (Έθνος).}}</ref><ref name="RuncimanRunciman1985">{{cite book|author1=Steven Runciman|author2=Sir Steven Runciman|title=The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC&pg=PA120|date=24 October 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31310-0|page=120|quote=By the fifteenth century most Byzantine intellectuals alluded to themselves as Hellenes. John Argyropoulus even calls the Emperor 'Emperor of the Hellenes' and describes the last wars of Byzantium as a struggle for the freedom of Hellas.}}</ref><ref name=Vasiliev>{{cite book |last1=Vasiliev |first1=Alexander A. |title=History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453 |date=1964 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0299809256 |page=582 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtM0qClcIX4C |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RuncimanRunciman1985"/><ref name="CareyCarey1968">{{cite book|author1=Jane Perry Clark Carey|author2=Andrew Galbraith Carey|title=The Web of Modern Greek Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Columbia University Press|page =33|isbn=978-0231031707|quote = By the end of the fourteenth century the Byzantine emperor was often called "Emperor of the Hellenes"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilsdale |first1=Cecily J. |title=Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107729384 |pages=82–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7GkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire to the [[Serbs]] and then to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref name = EB4>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Serbian and Ottoman advances|publisher=Online Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese.<ref name=EB4 /> Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453 and by 1460, Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece was complete.<ref name= EB5>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: The Peloponnese advances|publisher=Online Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek]] knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly [[Greek scholars in the Renaissance|contributing to the Renaissance]].<ref name= JJN>{{cite book |title= A Short History of Byzantium |last= Norwich |first= John Julius|year=1997 |publisher= Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-679-77269-9 |page = xxi}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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