Feminism

=== Late 20th and early 21st centuries ===

==== Third-wave feminism ====
{{main|Third-wave feminism}}
[[File:Lozu mont oct8 bellhooooooooks.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Feminist, author and social activist [[bell hooks]] (1952–2021)]]
Third-wave feminism is traced to the emergence of the [[riot grrrl]] feminist [[punk subculture]] in [[Olympia, Washington]], in the early 1990s,<ref name="Piepmeier2009p45">{{cite book|last=Piepmeier|first=Alison|title=Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism|publisher=New York University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780814767733|location=New York|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Feliciano|first1=Steve|date=19 June 2013|title=The Riot Grrrl Movement|url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918002826/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement|archive-date=18 September 2013|publisher=New York Public Library|quote=The emergence of the Riot Grrrl movement began in the early 1990s, when a group of women in Olympia, Washington, held a meeting to discuss how to address sexism in the punk scene. The women decided they wanted to start a 'girl riot' against a society they felt offered no validation of women's experiences. And thus the Riot Grrrl movement was born.}}</ref> and to [[Anita Hill]]'s televised testimony in 1991—to an all-male, all-white [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]—that [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]], nominated for the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], had [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination#Sexual harassment allegations|sexually harassed]] her. The term ''third wave'' is credited to [[Rebecca Walker]], who responded to Thomas's appointment to the Supreme Court with an article in ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine, "Becoming the Third Wave" (1992).<ref name="MsMagazineThirdWave">{{cite magazine | last1 = Walker| first1 = Rebecca| author-link1 = Rebecca Walker| title = Becoming the Third Wave| magazine = Ms. | pages = 39–41| issn = 0047-8318| oclc = 194419734| date = January 1992| url = http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf| access-date = 21 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170115202333/http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf| archive-date = 15 January 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Baumgardner_Richards">{{cite book|title=Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future |last1=Baumgardner |first1=Jennifer |author1-link=Jennifer Baumgardner |last2=Richards |first2=Amy |author2-link=Amy Richards |year=2000 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-52622-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manifestayoungwo00baum/page/77 77] |url=https://archive.org/details/manifestayoungwo00baum/page/77 }}</ref> She wrote:

{{blockquote|So I write this as a plea to all women, especially women of my generation: Let Thomas' confirmation serve to remind you, as it did me, that the fight is far from over. Let this dismissal of a woman's experience move you to anger. Turn that outrage into political power. Do not vote for them unless they work for us. Do not have sex with them, do not break bread with them, do not nurture them if they don't prioritize our freedom to control our bodies and our lives. I am not a post-feminism feminist. I am the Third Wave.<ref name="MsMagazineThirdWave"/>}}

Third-wave feminism also sought to challenge or avoid what it deemed the second wave's [[Essentialism|essentialist]] definitions of [[femininity]], which, third-wave feminists argued, overemphasized the experiences of upper middle-class white women. Third-wave feminists often focused on "[[wikt:micropolitics|micro-politics]]" and challenged the second wave's paradigm as to what was, or was not, good for women, and tended to use a [[post-structuralism|post-structuralist]] interpretation of gender and sexuality.<ref name=NoTurningBack464/><ref name="Henry">{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Astrid |url=https://archive.org/details/notmymotherssist0000henr/page/1/mode/2up |title=Not My Mother's Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21713-4 |location=Bloomington |pages=1–288 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=Gillis>{{cite book |last1=Gillis |first1=Stacy |last2=Howie |first2=Gillian |last3=Munford |first3=Rebecca |title=Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration |year=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-230-52174-2 |pages=xxviii, 275–76}}</ref><ref name=Faludi>{{cite book |last=Faludi |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Faludi |title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women |year=1992 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-0-09-922271-2}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as [[Gloria Anzaldúa]], [[bell hooks]], [[Chela Sandoval]], [[Cherríe Moraga]], [[Audre Lorde]], [[Maxine Hong Kingston]], and many other non-white feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities.<ref name=Gillis/><ref name=Walker/><ref name=Heywood>{{cite book |last1=Leslie |first1=Heywood |last2=Drake |first2=Jennifer |title=Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism |year=1997 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-3005-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdwaveagendab0000unse }}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> Third-wave feminism also contained internal debates between [[difference feminism|difference feminists]], who believe that there are important psychological differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent psychological differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to [[social conditioning]].<ref name=Gilligan>{{cite book |last=Gilligan |first=Carol |author-link=Carol Gilligan |title=In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development |url=https://archive.org/details/indifferentvoic000gill |url-access=registration |year=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-44544-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indifferentvoic000gill/page/184 184]}}</ref>

==== Standpoint theory ====

Standpoint theory is a feminist theoretical point of view stating that a person's social position influences their knowledge. This perspective argues that research and theory treat women and the feminist movement as insignificant and refuses to see traditional science as unbiased.<ref>{{Cite web|title = standpoint theory {{!}} feminism|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/standpoint-theory|website = Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 10 February 2016}}</ref> Since the 1980s, [[Standpoint feminism|standpoint feminists]] have argued that the feminist movement should address global issues (such as rape, [[incest]], and prostitution) and culturally specific issues (such as [[female genital mutilation]] in some parts of [[Women in Africa|Africa]] and [[Women in Arab societies|Arab societies]], as well as [[glass ceiling]] practices that impede women's advancement in developed economies) in order to understand how gender inequality interacts with racism, [[homophobia]], [[classism]] and [[colonization]] in a "[[matrix of domination]]".<ref name="BFT"/><ref name=Harding2003>{{cite book |last=Harding |first=Sandra |author-link=Sandra Harding |title=The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-94501-1 |pages=1–16, 67–80}}</ref>

==== Fourth-wave feminism ====
{{main|Fourth-wave feminism}}
[[File:Iruñeko bortxaketaren auzia 5.jpg|thumb|Protest against [[La Manada sexual abuse case]] sentence, Pamplona, 2018]]

Fourth-wave feminism is a proposed extension of third-wave feminism which corresponds to a resurgence in interest in feminism beginning around 2012 and associated with the use of social media.<ref name=4thWave-Guardian20131210/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|access-date=29 November 2021|website=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)}}</ref> According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment and violence against women. Its essence, she writes, is "incredulity that certain attitudes can still exist".{{sfn|Chamberlain|2017|p=115}}

Fourth-wave feminism is "defined by technology", according to [[Kira Cochrane]], and is characterized particularly by the use of [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Instagram]], [[YouTube]], [[Tumblr]], and blogs such as [[Feministing]] to challenge [[misogyny]] and further [[gender equality]].<ref name="4thWave-Guardian20131210">{{cite news|last=Cochrane|first=Kira|author-link=Kira Cochrane|date=10 December 2013|title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210221939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|archive-date=10 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Deborah|date=13 November 2009|title=The Blogger and Author on the Life of Women Online|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/magazine/15fob-q4-t.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501082226/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/magazine/15fob-q4-t.html?_r=3|archive-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zerbisias|first=Antonia|date=16 September 2015|title=Feminism's Fourth Wave is the Shitlist|url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817170127/https://nowtoronto.com/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist|archive-date=17 August 2020|access-date=21 April 2016|website=NOW Toronto}}</ref>

[[File:Women's March on Washington (32593123745).jpg|thumb|left|[[2017 Women's March]], Washington, D.C.]]

Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include [[street harassment|street]] and [[workplace harassment]], [[campus sexual assault]] and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and murder of women and girls have galvanized the movement. These have included the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]], 2012 [[Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal|Jimmy Savile allegations]], the [[Bill Cosby sexual assault case|Bill Cosby allegations]], [[2014 Isla Vista killings]], 2016 [[trial of Jian Ghomeshi]], 2017 [[Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations|Harvey Weinstein allegations]] and subsequent [[Weinstein effect]], and the [[2017 Westminster sexual scandals]].<ref>For Cosby, Ghomeshi, #MeToo, and fourth wave, see Matheson, Kelsey (17 October 2017). [http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/kelsey-matheson/you-said-metoo-now-what-are-we-going-to-do-about-it_a_23246129/ "You Said #MeToo. Now What Are We Going To Do About It?"], ''The Huffington Post''.{{pb}}
For Savile and fourth wave, see {{harvnb|Chamberlain|2017|pp=114–115}}{{pb}}
For page three, Thorpe, Vanessa (27 July 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/27/new-generation-of-feminists-set-agenda "What now for Britain's new-wave feminists – after page 3 and £10 notes?"], ''The Guardian''.{{pb}}
For Isla Vista killings, see {{cite news|url=http://time.com/3319081/whyistayed-hashtag-feminism-activism/ |title=Behold the Power of #Hashtag Feminism |last=Bennett |first=Jessica |date=10 September 2014 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

[[File:8M Paraná 2019 13.jpg|thumb|right|[[International Women's Strike]], Paraná, Argentina, 2019]]

Examples of fourth-wave feminist campaigns include the [[Everyday Sexism Project]], [[No More Page 3]], [[Stop Bild Sexism]], ''[[Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)|Mattress Performance]]'', ''[[10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman]]'', [[YesAllWomen|#YesAllWomen]], [[Free the Nipple (campaign)|Free the Nipple]], [[One Billion Rising]], the [[2017 Women's March]], the [[2018 Women's March]], and the [[Me Too (hashtag)|#MeToo]] movement. In December 2017, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine chose several prominent female activists involved in the #MeToo movement, dubbed "the silence breakers", as [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref name=Zacharek6Dec2017>Zacharek, Stephanie; Dockterman Eliana; and Sweetland Edwards, Haley (6 December 2017). [http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/ "The Silence Breakers"], ''Time''.</ref><ref>Redden, Molly, and agencies (6 December 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/dec/06/metoo-movement-named-time-magazines-person-of-the-year "#MeToo movement named Time magazine's Person of the Year"], ''The Guardian''.</ref>
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