Crusades

===Second Crusade===
{{Main|Second Crusade}}

The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tempering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. Calls for a new crusade{{snd}}the [[Second Crusade]]{{snd}}were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. Concurrent campaigns as part of the ''[[Reconquista]]'' and [[Northern Crusades]] are also sometimes associated with this Crusade.<ref name=":1">Berry, Virginia G. (1969). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0030.pdf Chapter XV. The Second Crusade]". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 463–512.</ref> The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around [[Saladin]], leading to the fall of Jerusalem.<ref name=":02">[[H. A. R. Gibb|Gibb, Hamilton A. R.]] (1969). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0033.pdf Chapter XVIII. The Rise of Saladin, 1169–1189]". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 563–589.</ref>

[[Pope Eugene III|Eugene III]], recently elected pope, issued the bull ''[[Quantum praedecessores]]'' in December 1145 calling for a new crusade, one that would be more organized and centrally controlled than the First. The armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route that would be pre-planned. The pope called on [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. Among those answering the call were two European kings, [[Louis VII of France]] and [[Conrad III of Germany]]. Louis, his wife, [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], and many princes and lords prostrated themselves at the feet of Bernard in order to take the cross. Conrad and his nephew [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]] also received the cross from the hand of Bernard.<ref>Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). Second Crusade (1147–1149). In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 1083–1090.</ref>

Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147. When the German army began to cross Byzantine territory, emperor Manuel I had his troops posted to ensure against trouble. A brief [[Battle of Constantinople (1147)|Battle of Constantinople]] in September ensued, and their defeat at the emperor's hand convinced the Germans to move quickly to Asia Minor. Without waiting for the French contingent, Conrad III engaged the [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuks of Rûm]] under sultan [[Mesud I]], son and successor of [[Kilij Arslan I|Kilij Arslan]], the nemesis of the First Crusade. Mesud and his forces almost totally destroyed Conrad's contingent at the [[Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)|Second Battle of Dorylaeum]] on 25 October 1147.{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|pp=268–303|loc=God's Bargain: Summoning the Second Crusade}}

The French contingent departed in June 1147. In the meantime, [[Roger II of Sicily]], an enemy of Conrad's, had invaded Byzantine territory. Manuel I needed all his army to counter this force, and, unlike the armies of the First Crusade, the Germans and French entered Asia with no Byzantine assistance. The French met the remnants of Conrad's army in northern Turkey, and Conrad joined Louis's force. They fended off a Seljuk attack at the [[Battle of Ephesus (1147)|Battle of Ephesus]] on 24 December 1147. A few days later, they were again victorious at the [[Battle of the Meander]]. Louis was not as lucky at the [[Battle of Mount Cadmus]] on 6 January 1148 when the army of Mesud inflicted heavy losses on the Crusaders. Shortly thereafter, they sailed for Antioch, almost totally destroyed by battle and sickness.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|pp=268–274|loc=The French in Asia Minor, 1147–1148}}

The Crusader army arrived at Antioch on 19 March 1148 with the intent on moving to retake Edessa, but Baldwin III of Jerusalem and the Knights Templar had other ideas. The [[Council of Acre]] was held on 24 June 1148, changing the objective of the Second Crusade to Damascus, a former ally of the kingdom that had shifted its allegiance to that of the Zengids. The Crusaders fought the [[Battle of Bosra (1147)|Battle of Bosra]] with the Damascenes in the summer of 1147, with no clear winner.<ref>[[H. A. R. Gibb|Gibb, Hamilton A. R.]] (1969). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0031.pdf Chapter XVI. The Career of Nūr-ad-Din]". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 513–528.</ref> Bad luck and poor tactics of the Crusaders led to the disastrous five-day [[Siege of Damascus (1148)|siege of Damascus]] from 24 to 28 July 1148.{{sfn|Maalouf|2006|pp=143–158|loc=Nūr-ad-Din, the Saint King}} The barons of Jerusalem withdrew support and the Crusaders retreated before the arrival of a relief army led by Nūr-ad-Din. Morale fell, hostility to the Byzantines grew and distrust developed between the newly arrived Crusaders and those that had made the region their home after the earlier crusades. The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|pp=278–288|loc=Fiasco}}

In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorised the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the [[Moors]] with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful [[Siege of Lisbon]], from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month [[Siege of Tortosa (1148)|siege of Tortosa]], ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors.<ref>Jaspert, Nikolas (2006).  Tortosa (Spain). In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. p. 1186.</ref> In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan [[Wends]] were a more immediate problem. The resulting [[Wendish Crusade]] of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity.<ref>Lind, John H. (2006).  Wendish Crusade (1147). In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 1265–1268.</ref>

The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks. The dismal failures of this Crusade then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|pp=278–288|loc=Fiasco}}

==== Nūr-ad-Din and the rise of Saladin ====
In the first major encounter after the Second Crusade, Nūr-ad-Din's forces then destroyed the Crusader army at the [[Battle of Inab]] on 29 June 1149. [[Raymond of Poitiers]], as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. Raymond was killed and his head was presented to Nūr-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph [[al-Muqtafi]] in Baghdad.<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raymund of Antioch|Raymund of Antioch]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''22.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 934.</ref> In 1150, Nūr-ad-Din defeated [[Joscelin II, Count of Edessa|Joscelin II of Edessa]] for a final time, resulting in Joscelin being publicly blinded, dying in prison in Aleppo in 1159. Later that year, at the [[Battle of Aintab]], he tried but failed to prevent Baldwin III's evacuation of the residents of [[Turbessel#Byzantine Period|Turbessel]].{{sfn|Runciman|1952|pp=329–330|loc=Turbessel ceded to Byzantium (1150)}} The unconquered portions of the County of Edessa would nevertheless fall to the Zengids within a few years. In 1152, [[Raymond II, Count of Tripoli|Raymond II of Tripoli]] became the first Frankish victim of the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]].{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=167|loc=Military Decline and Matrimonial Discord: Count Raymond II (1137–1152)}} Later that year, Nūr-ad-Din captured and burned [[Tartus#Crusades|Tortosa]], briefly occupying the town before it was taken by the Knights Templar as a military headquarters.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=333|loc=Murder of Raymond II (1152)}}

[[File:BattleOfInab.jpg|thumb|[[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nūr-ad-Din's]] victory at the [[Battle of Inab]], 1149. Illustration from the ''[[Passages d'outremer]]'', {{circa|1490}}.]]

After the [[Siege of Ascalon]] ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory, Damascus was taken by Nūr-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule. In 1156, Baldwin III was forced into a treaty with Nūr-ad-Din, and later entered into an alliance with the [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem#Byzantine alliance|Byzantine Empire]]. On 18 May 1157, Nūr-ad-Din began a siege on the Knights Hospitaller contingent at [[Banias#Crusader/Ayyubid period|Banias]], with the Grand Master [[Bertrand de Blanquefort]] captured. Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at [[Daughters of Jacob Bridge#Crusader and Ayyubid period|Jacob's Ford]] in June. Reinforcements from Antioch and Tripoli were able to relieve the besieged Crusaders, but they were defeated again that month at the [[Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)|Battle of Lake Huleh]]. In July 1158, the Crusaders were victorious at the Battle of Butaiha Bertrand's captivity lasted until 1159, when emperor Manuel I negotiated an alliance with Nūr-ad-Din against the Seljuks.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|pp=338–342|loc=The Rise of Nur ed-Din: The Capture of Ascalon, 1153}}

Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163, and [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] was crowned as king of Jerusalem eight days later.<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amalric|Amalric]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''1.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 778–779.</ref> Later that year, he defeated the Zengids at the [[Battle of al-Buqaia]]. Amalric then undertook a series of four [[Crusader invasions of Egypt|invasions of Egypt]] from 1163 to 1169, taking advantage of weaknesses of the Fatimids.<ref name="images.library.wisc.edu"/> Nūr-ad-Din's intervention in the first invasion allowed his general [[Shirkuh]], accompanied by his nephew [[Saladin]], to enter Egypt.<ref>Winifred Frances Peck (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saladin|Saladin]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''24.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[Shawar]], the deposed vizier to the Fatimid caliph [[al-Adid]], allied with Amalric I, attacking Shirkuh at the second [[Bilbeis|Siege of Bilbeis]] beginning in August 1164, following Amalric's unsuccessful first siege in September 1163.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|pp=380–382|loc=Amalric advances on Cairo}} This action left the Holy Land lacking in defenses, and Nūr-ad-Din defeated a Crusader forces at the [[Battle of Harim]] in August 1164, capturing most of the Franks' leaders.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=240|loc=The Zengid Threat}}

After the sacking of Bilbeis, the Crusader-Fatimid force was to meet Shirkuh's army in the indecisive [[Battle of al-Babein]] on 18 March 1167. In 1169, both Shawar and Shirkuh died, and al-Adid appointed Saladin as vizier. Saladin, with reinforcements from Nūr-ad-Din, defeated a massive Crusader-Byzantine force at the [[Crusader invasions of Egypt#Siege of Damietta|Siege of Damietta]] in late October.<ref>Bird, Jessalynn (2006).  Damietta. In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 343–344.</ref> This gained Saladin the attention of the Assassins, with attempts on his life in January 1175 and again on 22 May 1176.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=113–117|loc=The Old Man of the Mountain}}

[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]]<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baldwin IV.|Baldwin IV]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''3.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 247.</ref> became king on 5 July 1174 at the age of 13.<ref name=":22"/> As a leper he was not expected to live long, and served with a number of regents, and served as co-ruler with his cousin [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]] beginning in 1183. Baldwin IV, [[Raynald of Châtillon]] and the Knights Templar defeated Saladin at the celebrated [[Battle of Montgisard]] on 25 November 1177. In June 1179 the Crusaders were defeated at the [[Battle of Marj Ayyun|Battle of Marj Ayyub]], and in August the unfinished castle at [[Siege of Jacob's Ford|Jacob's Ford]] fell to Saladin, with the slaughter of half its Templar garrison. However, the kingdom repelled his attacks at the [[Battle of Belvoir Castle (1182)|Battle of Belvoir Castle]] in 1182 and later in the [[Siege of Kerak]] of 1183.<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raynald of Châtillon|Raynald of Châtillon]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''22.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 936.</ref>

==== Fall of Jerusalem ====
Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of [[Raymond III of Tripoli]]. Raymond negotiated a truce with Saladin which went awry when the king died in the summer of 1186.<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raymund of Tripoli|Raymund of Tripoli]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''22.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 935.</ref> His mother [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla of Jerusalem]] and her husband [[Guy of Lusignan]] were crowned as queen and king of Jerusalem in the summer of 1186, shortly thereafter. They immediately had to deal with the threat posed by Saladin.<ref>Gerish, Deborah (2006). Guy of Lusignan (d. 1194).  In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 549–551.</ref>

Despite his defeat at the [[Battle of al-Fule]] in the fall of 1183, Saladin increased his attacks against the Franks, leading to their defeat at the [[Battle of Cresson]] on 1 May 1187. Guy of Lusignan responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put into the field. Saladin lured this force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies and routed them at the [[Battle of Hattin]] on 4 July 1187. One of the major commanders was [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli#Hattin and its consequences|Raymond III of Tripoli]] who saw his force slaughtered, with some knights deserting to the enemy, and narrowly escaping, only to be regarded as a traitor and coward.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=233–284|loc=The Regent Thwarted: Count Raymond III (1174–1187)}} Guy of Lusignan was one of the few captives of Saladin's after the battle, along with Raynald of Châtillon and [[Humphrey IV of Toron]]. Raynald was beheaded, settling an old score. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188.<ref>Hoch, Martin (2006). Hattin, Battle of (1187). In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 559–561.</ref>

As a result of his victory, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. The [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|siege of Jerusalem]] began on 20 September 1187 and the Holy City was surrendered to Saladin by [[Balian of Ibelin]] on 2 October. According to some, on 19{{nbsp}}October 1187, [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]] died upon of hearing of the defeat.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=367|loc=Called to Crusade}} Jerusalem was once again in Muslim hands. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the [[Siege of Tyre (1187)|siege of Tyre]] beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The [[siege of Belvoir Castle]] began the next month and the Hospitaller stronghold finally fell a year later. The [[Siege of Laodicea (1188)|sieges of Laodicea]] and [[siege of Sahyun Castle|Sahyun Castle]] in July 1188 and the [[Siege of Al-Shughur|sieges of al-Shughur]] and [[Siege of Bourzey Castle|Bourzey Castle]] in August 1188  further solidified Saladin's gains. The [[Siege of Safed (1188)|siege of Safed]] in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land.<ref name=":22">Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0034.pdf Chapter XIX. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189]". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 590–621.</ref>

[[File:Crusader States 1190.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Near East, {{circa|1190}}, at the inception of the Third Crusade]]