Communication

=== Interpersonal ===
{{main|Interpersonal communication}}
[[File:Kathy Matayoshi and Mazie Hirono.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of two women talking|Kathy Matayoshi and [[Mazie Hirono]] conversing in the White House, an example of interpersonal communication]]
Interpersonal communication is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is [[dyadic communication]], i.e. between two people, but it can also refer to [[Group communication|communication within groups]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=221}} | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|pp=52–53}} }}</ref> It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Ezhilarasu|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kfbsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178]}} }}</ref> Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as a [[fuzzy concept]] that manifests in degrees.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=547}}</ref> In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators:<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=547–548}}</ref> group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=168}} | {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=547–548}} }}</ref>

Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication, the parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=221}}</ref> This happens when one person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said.<ref>{{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}}</ref> Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express the speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants.<ref>{{harvnb|Trenholm|Jensen|2013|pp=36, 361}}</ref>

Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act the way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=548–549}}</ref> A closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=549}}</ref> Other explanations understand it in terms of the [[needs]] it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing the behavior of others.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=549}} | {{harvnb|Gamble|Gamble|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bUdeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–16]}} }}</ref> On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=546}}</ref> Research on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on the communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=546–547}}</ref>