C-SPAN Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Programming== ===Senate and House of Representatives=== The C-SPAN network's core programming is live coverage of the U.S. House and Senate, with the C-SPAN channel emphasizing the [[United States House of Representatives]]. Between 1979 and May 2011, the network televised more than 24,246 hours of floor action.<ref name="TWP"/> C-SPAN2, the first of the C-SPAN spin-off networks, provides uninterrupted live coverage of the [[United States Senate]].<ref name=Hodges>{{cite news |title=Historic debates will mark 15 years of C-SPAN |first=Ann|last=Hodges |newspaper=[[The Houston Chronicle]] |page=4 |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJB-93Y0-0030-W550&csi=8380&oc=00240&perma=true |date=March 19, 1994 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> With coverage of the House and Senate, viewers can track legislation as it moves through both bodies of Congress.<ref name=Newswire/> Important debates in Congress that C-SPAN has covered live include the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf conflict]] during 1991, and the [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|House impeachment vote and Senate trial]] of President [[Bill Clinton]] in 1998 and 1999 as well as the [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|impeachment proceedings of President Trump in 2019 and 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=C-SPAN's Impeachment Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org|url=https://www.c-span.org/impeachment/|access-date=July 4, 2020|website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref name=Ragsdale/> When the House or Senate are not in session, C-SPAN channels broadcast other public affairs programming and recordings of previous events.<ref name=Newswire>{{cite press release |title=C-SPAN2 to be Added to PRIMESTAR's Channel Lineup |publisher=C-SPAN |date=December 4, 1996}}</ref> ===Public affairs=== The public affairs coverage on the C-SPAN networks other than the House and Senate floor debates is wide-ranging. C-SPAN is considered a useful source of information for journalists, lobbyists, educators and government officials as well as casual viewers interested in politics, due to its unedited coverage of political events.<ref name=Wallace/> C-SPAN has been described by media observers as a "window into the world of Washington politics" and it characterizes its own mission as being "to provide public access to the political process".<ref name=Harrington/><ref name=AboutC-SPAN>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-span.org/About/About-C-SPAN/ | title=About C-SPAN |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN | access-date=January 25, 2011}}</ref> The networks cover U.S. political campaigns, including the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]], and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] [[United States presidential nominating convention|presidential nominating conventions]] in their entirety. Coverage of presidential campaign events are provided during the duration of the campaign, both by a weekly television program, ''[[Road to the White House]]'',<ref name=Hodges/> and at its dedicated politics website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-span.org/politics/ |title=C-SPAN Politics |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=December 6, 2010}}</ref> C-SPAN also covers [[United States midterm elections|midterm elections]].<ref name=Rothstein10>{{cite web |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/c-span-reaches-debate-milestone/ |title=C-SPAN Reaches Debate Milestone |first=Betsy |last=Rothstein |date=October 20, 2010 |work=[[Adweek]] |access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref> [[File:C-SPAN 112th Congress Roll Call.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|C-SPAN's [[High-definition television|HDTV]] coverage of the beginning of the [[112th United States Congress|112th Congress]] on January 5, 2011. The on-screen design seen here was used from April 19, 2010, to January 17, 2016.]] All three channels televise events such as [[congressional hearing]]s,<ref name=Hodges/> [[The White House|White House]] press briefings and presidential speeches, as well as other government meetings including [[Federal Communications Commission]] hearings and [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] press conferences.<ref name=Gillespie>{{cite web |url=http://reason.com/archives/2010/11/16/the-democratizer |title=The Democratizer |last=Gillespie |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Gillespie |date=December 2010 |work=reason.com |publisher=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |access-date=November 22, 2010}}</ref> Other U.S. political coverage includes [[State of the Union]] speeches,<ref name=Ragsdale/> and presidential press conferences. According to the results of a survey after the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election]], 85% of C-SPAN viewers voted in that election.<ref name=Harden>{{cite news |title=Feasting on C-SPAN; Diet of Public Affairs TV Puts Political Junkies Inside Beltway |first=Blaine|last=Harden |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-781215.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213902/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-781215.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |date=May 9, 1996 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> The results of a similar survey in 2013 found that 89% of C-SPAN viewers voted in the 2012 presidential election.<ref name="JohnEggerton"/> In addition to this political coverage, the network broadcasts [[press conference]]s and meetings of various [[Mass media|news media]] and nonprofit organizations, including those at the [[National Press Club (USA)|National Press Club]],<ref name=Ragsdale/> public policy seminars and the [[White House Correspondents' Dinner]].<ref name="Harden"/> While C-SPAN does not have video access to the Supreme Court, the network has used the Court's audio recordings accompanied by still photographs of the justices and lawyers to cover the Court in session on significant cases, and has covered individual Supreme Court justices' speaking engagements.<ref name=Cohen>{{cite web |url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/08/c-spans-supreme-court-broadcasts-do-you-have-the-right-to-burn/ |title=C-SPAN's Supreme Court Broadcasts: Do You Have the Right to Burn the Flag? |first=Andrew |last=Cohen |date=October 8, 2010 |work=politicsdaily.com |publisher=[[AOL]] |access-date=October 11, 2010 |archive-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005183859/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/08/c-spans-supreme-court-broadcasts-do-you-have-the-right-to-burn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Occasionally, proceedings of the [[Parliament of Australia]], [[Parliament of Canada]], [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] (usually [[Prime Minister's Questions]] and the [[State Opening of Parliament]]) and other governments are shown on C-SPAN when they discuss matters of importance to viewers in the U.S.<ref>{{cite press release |title=BBC Parliament Goes Live on Digital Satellite |publisher=M2 Presswire |date=November 25, 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/organization/40947 |title=Australian Parliament |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=July 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020024547/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/organization/40947 |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarly, the networks will sometimes broadcast news reports from around the world when major events occur – for instance, C-SPAN broadcast [[CBC Television]] coverage of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name=Milestones/> C-SPAN also covers [[lying in state]] in the [[Capitol Rotunda]] and funerals of former presidents<ref name=Kubasik>{{cite news |title=Networks planning coverage of Nixon funeral |first=Ben|last=Kubasik |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aGJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4005,4621611 |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |location=Spokane, Washington |date=April 26, 1994 |access-date=June 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Turegano>{{cite news |title=Television did its job as window on America's farewell to Reagan |first=Preston|last=Turegano |newspaper=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |page=D-6 |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4CMN-XKJ0-TWDC-M3BB&csi=11811&oc=00240&perma=true |date=June 14, 2004 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> and other notable individuals.<ref name=Shannon>{{cite news |title=Lady Bird Johnson, former first lady, remembered at Texas funeral attended by 1,800 |first=Kelley |last=Shannon |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/article_71f2ae93-5c8b-5cc4-b0d6-2894e1383a98.html |date=July 14, 2007 |access-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801134924/https://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/article_71f2ae93-5c8b-5cc4-b0d6-2894e1383a98.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2005, C-SPAN covered [[Hurricane Katrina]] through [[NBC]] affiliate [[WDSU]] in [[New Orleans]], as well as coverage of [[Hurricane Ike]] via [[CBS]] affiliate [[KHOU]] in [[Houston]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coverage of Gustav tops politics on Day 1 |first=John|last=Timpane |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |url=http://articles.philly.com/2008-09-02/news/25248177_1_c-span-coverage-convention-planners |date=September 2, 2008 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> C-SPAN also carries CBC coverage during events that affect [[Canada|Canadians]], such as the [[Canadian federal elections]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.connect2canada.com/event/electionNight_2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112105321/http://www.connect2canada.com/event/electionNight_2008/ |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |title=Election night 2008 |work=Connect2Canada.com |publisher=Connect2Canada |access-date=December 7, 2010}}</ref> the [[death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau]],<ref>{{cite video |date=October 3, 2000 |title=Former Prime Minister Trudeau Funeral |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Trudea |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref> and the [[2003 North America blackout]].<ref>{{cite video |date=August 14, 2003 |title=Northeastern Electricity Failures |url=http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Northeaste |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017060612/http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Northeaste |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite video |date=September 3, 2003 |title=Northeast Power Outages, Day 1 |url=http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Outage |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031235723/http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Outage |url-status=dead }}</ref> During early 2011, C-SPAN carried broadcasts by [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] to cover the events in [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egypt]], [[Tunisian revolution|Tunisia]], and other Arab nations.<ref name=Milestones/><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Qadha |title=Moammar Qadhafi Address |date=March 2, 2011 |work=c-spanvideo.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=March 15, 2011}}</ref> Additionally, C-SPAN simulcasts [[NASA]] Space Shuttle mission launches and landings live, using video footage and audio sourced from [[NASA TV]].<ref name=AlBawaba>{{cite news |title=E-Vision launches C-Span channel on its cable network |newspaper=[[Al Bawaba]] |url=http://www.albawaba.com/news/e-vision-launches-c-span-channel-its-cable-network |location=Amman, Jordan |date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> With its public affairs programming, C-SPAN intends to offer different viewpoints by allowing time for multiple opinions to be discussed on a given topic. For example, in 2004 C-SPAN intended to televise a speech by [[Holocaust]] [[historian]] [[Deborah Lipstadt]] adjacent to a speech by [[Holocaust denier]] [[David Irving]], who had [[Irving v Penguin Books Ltd|unsuccessfully sued Lipstadt]] for [[libel]] in the [[United Kingdom]] four years earlier; C-SPAN was criticized for its use of the word "balance" to describe the plan to cover both Lipstadt and Irving.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-SPAN's David Irving contretemps |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/individuals/david_irving/irving_update_20050413.htm |date=April 13, 2005 |work=adl.org |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |access-date=July 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801105915/http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/individuals/david_irving/irving_update_20050413.htm |archive-date=August 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Cohen05>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN's Balance of the Absurd |first=Richard|last=Cohen |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35346-2005Mar14.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 15, 2005 |access-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> When Lipstadt ended media access to her speech, C-SPAN canceled coverage of both.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lipstadt/Irving Libel Trial |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Lipst |work=c-spanvideo.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=March 22, 2011}}</ref> The network strives for [[Objectivity (journalism)|neutrality]] and a lack of [[bias]]; in all programming when on-camera hosts are present their role is simply to facilitate and explain proceedings to the viewer.<ref name=Barnhart/> Due to this policy, C-SPAN hosts do not state their names on television.<ref name="Wallace"/> ===C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 flagship programs=== C-SPAN covers floor proceedings of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], while C-SPAN 2 covers floor proceedings of the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref name="faq">{{Cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/about/faq/|title=FAQs|website=C-SPAN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822185926/https://www.c-span.org/about/faq/|archive-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> Although many hours of programming on C-SPAN are dedicated to coverage of the House, the network's daily programming begins with the political phone-in and interview program ''Washington Journal'' from 7:00 to 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time.<ref name="Milestones"/> ''Washington Journal'' premiered on January 4, 1995, and has been broadcast every morning since then, with guests including elected officials, government administrators, and journalists. The program covers current events, with guests answering questions on topics presented by the hosts, as well as questions from members of the general public.<ref name=Irvine>{{cite news |title=Accuracy in media; Left-Winger's "Truth' Exposed As Make-Believe |author=[[Reed Irvine]] |newspaper=[[Chattanooga Free Press]] |page=A11 |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SP2-BXX0-00C0-G48F&csi=155832&oc=00240&perma=true |date=May 10, 1998 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> On weeknights C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to ''Politics and Public Policy Today'' (9:00 p.m. – midnight for the East Coast primetime, replayed immediately for the West Coast primetime), which is a block of recordings of the day's noteworthy events in rapid succession. On the weekend schedule, C-SPAN's main program is ''[[Q&A (U.S. talk show)|Q&A]]'', a Sunday evening interview program hosted by Susan Swain, with guests including journalists, politicians, authors, and other public figures.<ref name=McArdle>{{cite news |title=New Show, Familiar Format For C-SPAN |first=John|last=McArdle |newspaper=[[Roll Call]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=December 6, 2004 |url=http://www.rollcall.com/issues/50_56/ath/7559-1.html |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref> On weekends, C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to ''[[Book TV]]'', which is 48 hours of programming about non-fiction books, book events, and authors. ''Book TV'' was launched in September 1998. ''[[Booknotes]]'' was originally broadcast from [[List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1989|1989]] to [[List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2004|2004]],<ref name=Boston>{{cite news |title='Booknotes' Afterword |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2004/08/19/booknotes_afterword/ |date=August 19, 2004 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> as a one-hour one-on-one [[interview]] of a non-fiction author.<ref name=Heltzel>{{cite news |title=Books on TV, and a Host Who Listens |author=Ellen Emry Heltzel |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] |page=F07 |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4JN6-91T0-TX1M-R2X2&csi=235910&oc=00240&perma=true |location=Portland, Oregon |date=August 17, 1997 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Repeats of the interviews remain a regular part of the ''Book TV'' schedule with the title ''Encore Booknotes''.<ref>{{cite news|title=C-SPAN's 'Booknotes' nearing end|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/08/12/tem_0812booknotes.html|access-date=April 26, 2015|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|date=August 12, 2004}}</ref> Other ''Book TV'' programs feature political and historical books and biographies of public figures. These include ''[[In Depth]]'', a live, monthly, three-hour interview with a single author, and ''[[After Words]]'',<ref name=Herald>{{cite news |title=Editorial |newspaper=[[The Sun Herald]] |page=C12 |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4GY3-4YN0-0190-K33T&csi=247810&oc=00240&perma=true |location=Biloxi, Mississippi |date=September 14, 2003 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> an author interview program featuring guest hosts interviewing authors on topics with which both are familiar.<ref name=Milliot>{{cite news |title=BookTV Eyes More Original Programming |first=Jim|last=Milliot |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20050110/33417-booktv-eyes-more-original-programming.html |newspaper=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=January 10, 2005 |access-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref> ''After Words'' was developed as a new type of author interview program after the end of production of ''Booknotes''.<ref name=Milliot/> Weekend programming on ''Book TV'' also includes coverage of book events such as panel discussions, book fairs,<ref name=Estepa>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN2's 'Book TV' Wins Honor For Its Work |first=Jessica|last=Estepa |newspaper=[[Roll Call]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=July 15, 2010 |url=http://www.rollcall.com/issues/56_6/-48335-1.html |access-date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> book signings, readings by authors and tours of bookstores around the U.S.<ref name=Newswire/> ===C-SPAN3=== C-SPAN 3 covers public affairs events, congressional hearings and history programming.<ref name="faq" /> The weekday programming on C-SPAN3 (from the morning — anywhere from 6 to 8:30 a.m. — to 8 p.m. Eastern Time) features uninterrupted live public affairs events, in particular political events from Washington, D.C.<ref name=Moss/> Each weekend since January 8, 2011, the network has broadcast 48 hours of programming dedicated to the history of the United States, under the umbrella title ''American History TV''.<ref name=NewsCheck/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2011/01/turn-to-c-span-for-american-history/ |title=Turn to C-SPAN for American History |first=Jenny|last=Williams |date=January 7, 2011 |work=wired.com |publisher=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |access-date=January 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-SPAN Launching History Programming Block |first=Alex |last=Weprin |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/c-span-launching-history-programming-block_b47006 |date=January 6, 2011 |work=mediabistro.com |publisher=[[WebMediaBrands]] |access-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054530/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/c-span-launching-history-programming-block_b47006 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The programming covers the history of the U.S. from the founding of the nation through the late 20th century. Programs include ''American Artifacts'', which is dedicated to exploring museums, archives and historical sites, and ''Lectures in History'', featuring major university history professors giving lectures on U.S. history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/american-history-tv-new-from-c-span.htm |title=American History TV – New from C-SPAN |author=Gerald D. Swick |date=January 18, 2011 |work=historynet.com |publisher=Weider History Group |access-date=November 22, 2010}}</ref> In 2009, C-SPAN3 aired an eight-installment series of interviews from the [[Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics]] at the [[University of Kansas]], which featured historian [[Richard Norton Smith]] and Vice President [[Walter Mondale]], among other interviewees.<ref name=States>{{cite press release |title=C-SPAN3 to Air Dole Institute Interviews with Bob Dole, Walter Mondale |url=http://archive.news.ku.edu/2009/november/20/cspan.shtml |publisher=[[The University of Kansas]] |date=November 20, 2009 |access-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327013907/http://archive.news.ku.edu/2009/november/20/cspan.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Special programming=== C-SPAN has also occasionally produced special episodes and series. In 1989, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary with a three-hour retrospective on the history of the network.<ref name=Shales /> In 1994, ''Booknotes'' collaborated with Lincoln scholar [[Harold Holzer]] to produce [[The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments)|reenactments]] of the [[Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858|1858 Lincoln–Douglas debates]] for the network's 15th anniversary.<ref name=Rust>{{cite news |title=Americans Speak Up on Talk TV |first=Michael |last=Rust |newspaper=[[Insight on the News]] |url=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-20204516/americans-speak-up-on-talk-tv |date=February 9, 1998 |access-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222155846/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America]] and ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]'' took viewers on tours of the United States, themed around [[Alexis de Tocqueville]]'s travels and the works of 40 famous American writers, respectively.<ref name=Prial>{{cite news |title=After Many Million Pages, 'Booknotes' Ends Its Run |author=Frank J. Prial |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/04/arts/television/04lamb.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref> The year-long series ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', produced to commemorate the 20th anniversary of C-SPAN, won a [[Peabody Award]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Presidents: Life Portraits|url=http://www.c-span.org/series/?presidents|publisher=C-SPAN|access-date=March 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/american-presidents-life-portraits 59th Annual Peabody Awards], May 2000.</ref> The network has also produced special feature documentaries on the history of various American institutions and landmarks. In 2005, C-SPAN hosted a 25-hour "call-in marathon" and essay contest, the winner of which was invited to co-host an hour of the broadcast, to commemorate 25 years of taking viewer telephone calls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legacy.c-span.org/C-SPAN25/contestwinners.asp |title=C-SPAN's 24-Hour Call-In Marathon |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819231444/http://legacy.c-span.org/C-SPAN25/contestwinners.asp |archive-date=August 19, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Radio broadcasts=== In addition to the three television networks, C-SPAN also broadcasts via C-SPAN Radio, which is carried on their [[owned-and-operated station]] [[WCSP-FM]] (90.1 FM) in the Washington, D.C., area with all three cable network feeds airing via [[HD Radio]] subchannels, and nationwide on XM Satellite Radio.<ref name=Babington>{{cite news |title=Radio Deal Could Face Technical Difficulties; XM, Sirius Systems Already Strained |first=Charles|last=Babington |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5829372.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122035/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5829372.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |date=March 19, 2007 |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Its programming is also livestreamed at c-span.org and is available via [[application software|apps]] for iPhone, BlackBerry and Android devices.<ref name=C-SPANRadio>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-span.org/C-SPAN-Radio/How-to-Listen-to-C-SPAN-Radio/ |title=How to Listen to C-SPAN Radio |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=June 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104200941/http://www.c-span.org/C-SPAN-Radio/How-to-Listen-to-C-SPAN-Radio/ |archive-date=January 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Relax>{{cite news |title=The most popular iPhone news applications |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=March 23, 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/the-most-popular-iphone-news-applications-1927640.html |access-date=October 11, 2010 |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925044710/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/the-most-popular-iphone-news-applications-1927640.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> C-SPAN Radio has a selective policy regarding its broadcast content, rather than duplicating the television network programming, although it does offer some audio simulcasts of programs such as ''Washington Journal''.<ref name=Kaltenbach>{{cite news |title=New station features processes of government; Radio: WCSP-FM (90.1) serves up large doses of public policy as it's happening, but more selectively than C-SPAN. |first=Chris |last=Kaltenbach |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-22/features/1998053072_1_c-span-spence-public-policy |date=February 22, 1998 |access-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220759/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-22/features/1998053072_1_c-span-spence-public-policy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unique programming on the radio station includes [[oral history|oral histories]], and some committee meetings and press conferences not shown on television due to programming commitments. The station also compiles the [[Sunday morning talk shows]] for a same-day rebroadcast without commercials, in rapid succession.<ref name=Kaltenbach/> ===Online availability === [[File:C-SPAN Video Library.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|Home page of the C-SPAN Video Library, 2013]] C-SPAN archival video is available through the [[C-SPAN Video Library]], maintained at the [[Purdue Research Park]] in [[West Lafayette, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/about |title=About C-SPAN Video Library |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222124353/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unveiled in August 2007,<ref name=Milestones/> the C-SPAN Video Library contains all of the network's programming since 1987, totaling more than 160,000 hours at its completion of digitization and public debut in March 2010.<ref name=Reynolds>{{Cite web |url=http://www.multichannel.com/article/457243-ACC_Awards_Golden_Beacon_To_C_SPAN_s_Video_Library.php |title=ACC Awards Golden Beacon To C-SPAN's Video Library |first=Mike |last=Reynolds |date=September 16, 2010 |work=multichannel.com |publisher=[[NewBay Media]] |access-date=September 27, 2010 |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725030353/http://www.multichannel.com/article/457243-ACC_Awards_Golden_Beacon_To_C_SPAN_s_Video_Library.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Early races for Congress may give forecast for November; C-SPAN presents |first=Chris|last=Cillizza |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 15, 2010 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/14/AR2010031402796.html |access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> Older C-SPAN programming continues to be added to the library, dating back to the beginning of the network in 1979,<ref name=Stelter>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN Puts Full Archives on the Web |first=Brian|last=Stelter |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 15, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/arts/television/16cspan.html |access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> and some limited earlier footage from the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]], such as film clips of [[Richard Nixon]]'s 1972 trip to China, is available as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gns.gannettonline.com/article/20100325/COLUMNISTS01/3250301 |title=Changing the way we view history |first=Chuck |last=Raasch |date=March 25, 2010 |work=gannettonline.com |publisher=[[Gannett Company|Gannett News Service Multimedia]] |access-date=September 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072211/http://gns.gannettonline.com/article/20100325/COLUMNISTS01/3250301 |archive-date=July 11, 2011 }}</ref> Most of the recordings before 1987 (when the C-SPAN Archive was established) were not saved, except for approximately 10,000 hours of video which are slated to be made available online.<ref name=Stelter/> {{as of|2021|November|df=US}}, the C-SPAN Video Library held over 271,000 hours of programming, and they have been viewed over 253 million times. Described by media commentators as a major educational service and a valuable resource for researchers of politics and history,<ref name=Stelter/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediaite.com/online/c-span-online-archives-will-redefine-social-studies-education-in-america/ |title=C-SPAN Online Archives Will Redefine Social Studies Education in America |first=Frances|last=Martel |date=March 16, 2010 |work=mediaite.com |publisher=[[Mediaite]] |access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21134540 |title=C-SPAN Digital Archives |author=[[Brian Williams]] |date=September 24, 2010 |work=NBC News |publisher=[[NBCNews.com]] |access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> the C-SPAN Video Library has also had a major role in media and [[opposition research]] in several U.S. political campaigns.<ref>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN's blasts from the past |author=[[Howard Kurtz]] |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 23, 2010 |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/howard-kurtz/2010/09/c-spans_blasts_from_the_past.html |access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> It won a [[Peabody Award]] in 2010 "for creating an enduring archive of the history of American policymaking, and for providing it as a free, user-friendly public service."<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/c-span-video-library 70th Annual Peabody Awards], May 2011.</ref> Prior to the initiation of the C-SPAN Video Library, websites such as [[Metavid]] and voterwatch.org hosted House and Senate video records, however C-SPAN contested Metavid's usage of C-SPAN copyrighted footage. The result was Metavid's removal of portions of the archive produced with C-SPAN's cameras, while preserving its archive of government-produced content.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metavid.ucsc.edu/wiki/index.php/Democratizing_the_Archive:_An_Open_Interface_for_Mediation#Motivations_for_Metavid_and_its_Contested_Legality |title=Democratizing the Archive: An Open Interface for Mediation |publisher=Metavid |access-date=October 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605053154/http://metavid.ucsc.edu/wiki/index.php/Democratizing_the_Archive%3A_An_Open_Interface_for_Mediation |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> C-SPAN also engaged in actions to stop parties from making unauthorized uses of its content online, including its video of House and Senate proceedings. Most notably, in May 2006, C-SPAN requested the removal of [[Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner|Stephen Colbert's performance]] at the [[White House Correspondents' Association#White House Correspondents' dinner|White House Correspondents' Association Dinner]] from [[YouTube]].<ref name=APColbert06>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN Asks Sites to Pull Colbert |url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2006/05/70849 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=May 8, 2006 |access-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> After concerns by some webloggers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boingboing.net/2006/05/04/why_was_colbert_pres.html |title=Why was Colbert press corps video removed from YouTube? |work=boingboing.net |publisher=[[Boing Boing]] |author=[[Xeni Jardin]] |date=May 4, 2006 |access-date=October 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709004329/http://www.boingboing.net/2006/05/04/why_was_colbert_pres.html |archive-date=July 9, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> C-SPAN gave permission for [[Google Video]] to host the full event.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/technology/08colbert.html |access-date=July 5, 2006 |title=A Comedian's Riff on Bush Prompts an E-Spat |first=Noam|last=Cohen |date=May 8, 2006 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On March 7, 2007, C-SPAN liberalized its copyright policy for current, future, and past coverage of any official events sponsored by Congress and any federal agency and now allows for attributed non-commercial copying, sharing, and posting of C-SPAN video on the Internet,<ref name=Hunt07>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN alters copyright over Pelosi flap |first=Kaise|last=Hunt |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-03-07-1965288649_x.htm |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 7, 2007 |access-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://legacy.c-span.org/about/press/release.asp?code=video |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710020305/http://legacy.c-span.org/about/press/release.asp?code=video |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |title=C-SPAN Takes Lead in Making Video of Congressional Hearings, White House and Other Federal Events More Widely Available to Online Community |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |date=March 7, 2007 |access-date=March 22, 2011 }}</ref> excluding re-syndication of live video streams. The new policy did not affect the public's right to use the public domain video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U.S. House and Senate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-span.org/About/C-SPAN-Copyright-Policy/ |title=Copyright Policy for Educators |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=March 22, 2011 |quote=The video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U.S. House of Representatives and of the U.S. Senate is public domain material and is not subject to this license, and as such, may also be used for educational purposes.}}</ref> In 2008, C-SPAN's online political coverage was expanded just prior to the elections, with the introduction of three special pages on the C-SPAN website: the C-SPAN Convention Hubs and C-SPAN Debate Hub, which offered video of major events as well as discussion from weblogs and social media about the major party conventions and candidate debates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nms.com/pressroom/entry/c-span-engages-new-media-strategies-for-innovative-online-convention-covera/ |title=C-SPAN Engages New Media Strategies for Innovative Online Convention Coverage |date=August 12, 2008 |work=nms.com |publisher=[[New Media Strategies]] |access-date=December 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810070530/http://nms.com/pressroom/entry/c-span-engages-new-media-strategies-for-innovative-online-convention-covera/ |archive-date=August 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/gadgetreviews/exclusive-c-span-launches-gadget-fueled-debate-hub-as-social-political-destination/381 |title=EXCLUSIVE: C-SPAN Launches Gadget-Fueled 'Debate Hub' as Social, Political Destination |first=Andrew|last=Nusca |date=September 25, 2008 |work=zdnet.com |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=December 3, 2010}}</ref> C-SPAN brought back the Convention Hub for the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]].<ref name=Fitzpatrick13>{{cite news |title=C-SPAN's Online Hub Provides Raw Convention Coverage |first=Alex|last=Fitzpatrick |url=http://mashable.com/2012/08/23/cspan-convention-hub/ |newspaper=[[Mashable]] |date=August 23, 2012 |access-date=June 19, 2013}}</ref> In addition to the programming available in the C-SPAN Video Library, all C-SPAN programming is available as a live feed streamed on its website in [[Flash Video]] format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-span.org/About/Solving-Video-Problems/ |title=Solving Video Problems |work=c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=December 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221043614/http://www.c-span.org/About/Solving-Video-Problems/ |archive-date=December 21, 2010 }}</ref> On July 29, 2014, C-SPAN announced that it would begin [[TV Everywhere|restricting access to the live feeds]] of the main channel, C-SPAN2 and C-SPAN3 to subscribers of cable or satellite providers later that summer, citing concerns with the slow shift in viewing habits from cable television to the internet due to its reliance on carriage fees from cable and satellite providers. However, it will continue to allow all government meetings, hearings and conferences to be streamed live online and via archived on the C-SPAN Video Library without requiring an authenticated login by a provider; live audio feeds of all three channels are also available for free through the network's [[mobile app]]. The decision drew some criticism from public interest and government transparency advocates, citing the fact that C-SPAN was designed as a public service.<ref>{{cite news|title=C-SPAN to require TV subscription for some programs|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/07/29/cspan-live-streaming-subsctription/13315733/|first=Adam|last=Ganucheau|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=August 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=C-SPAN limiting access to its online channels|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/213714-c-span-limiting-access-to-its-online-channels/|first=Julian|last=Hattem|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> {{As of|December 2019}}, C-SPAN has begun advertising on its online videos, with YouTube-style advertisements that can be skipped after five seconds.<ref>{{cite news|title=C-SPAN reworks its monetization model|url=https://www.nexttv.com/features/c-span-reworks-its-monetization-model/|first=John|last=Eggerton|newspaper=[[Multichannel News]]|date=October 19, 2020|access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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