Boko Haram

==== Extant resentment of colonialism ====
Academic Atta Barkindo explains the group's "baffling" ability to "maintain momentum" in part by the "accumulated and unaddressed grievances" against [[colonialism]] in the region, including the colonial boundaries (of Nigeria, [[Ghana]], etc.) established by Europeans that bear no resemblance to "pre-colonial [[empire]]s, ethnic or cultural territories", and by the group's use of the "historical narrative" of the Islamic [[Kanem–Bornu Empire]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Mohammad Yusuf preached that, "our land was an Islamic state before it was turned into a land of kafir (infidel); the current system is contrary to true Muslim beliefs".{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
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