Baltimore

===19th century===
[[File:Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg|thumb|An American flag flying at [[Fort McHenry]] following the fort's bombing by the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[Battle of Baltimore]] in 1814 inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write the poem that later became the "[[Star Spangled Banner]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Maryland History in Prints 1743–1900|author=Laura Rich|page=45}}</ref>]]
[[File:Balt Battle Monument 1a.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle Monument]], the official emblem of Baltimore]]
[[File:Harpers 8 11 1877 6th Regiment Fighting Baltimore.jpg|thumb|The [[6th Cavalry Regiment]] fighting railroad strikers in Baltimore on July 20, 1877<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/sk7711.Html |title=The Great Strike |access-date=October 26, 2008 |work=Catskill Archive |publisher=Timothy J. Mallery | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080929031803/http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/sk7711.Html| archive-date= September 29, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>]]
The city remained a part of surrounding [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]] and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851, after which it became an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]].<ref name="Maryland Manual">{{cite web| url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/html/bcity.html| title=Baltimore, Maryland—Government| work=Maryland Manual On-Line: A Guide to Maryland Government| publisher=Maryland State Archives| date=October 23, 2008| access-date=October 27, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080919221820/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/html/bcity.html| archive-date= September 19, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Baltimore]] against the British in 1814 inspired the U.S. national anthem, "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", and the construction of the [[Battle Monument]], which became the city's official emblem. A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments developed. Baltimore acquired its moniker "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President [[John Quincy Adams]]. At an evening function, Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City—May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."<ref name="salgaz">{{Cite news|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:EANX&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10C5DE501F137990&svc_dat=HistArchive:ahnpdoc&req_dat=0F418C809CE5EA70|title=Baltimore, October 17|date=October 23, 1827|access-date=October 27, 2008|work=[[Salem Gaz.|Salem Gazette]]|location=Salem, Massachusetts|page=2|url-access=subscription|via=NewsBank}}</ref><ref>William Harvey Hunter, "Baltimore Architecture in History"; in Dorsey & Dilts (1997), p. 7. "Both begun in 1815, the Battle Monument and the Washington Monument gave Baltimore its most famous sobriquet. In 1827, when bremoth of them were nearly finished, President John Quincy Adams at a big public dinner in Baltimore gave as his toast, 'Baltimore, the monumental city.' It was more than an idle comment: no other large city in America had even one substantial monument to show."</ref>

Baltimore pioneered the use of [[gas lighting]] in 1816, and its population grew rapidly in the following decades, with concomitant development of culture and infrastructure. The construction of the federally funded [[National Road]], which later became part of [[U.S. Route 40]], and the private [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B. & O.) made Baltimore a major shipping and [[manufacturing]] center by linking the city with major markets in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. By 1820 its population had reached 60,000, and its economy had shifted from its base in tobacco plantations to [[sawmilling]], [[shipbuilding]], and [[textile]] production. These industries benefited from war but successfully shifted into [[infrastructure]] development during peacetime.<ref>Townsend (2000), pp. 62–68.</ref>

Baltimore had one of the worst riots of the antebellum [[Southern United States|South]] in 1835, when bad investments led to the [[Baltimore bank riot]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/34gcw3dk9780252034800.html | title=The Baltimore Bank Riot | publisher=University of Illinois Press | access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref> It was these riots that led to the city being [[nickname]]d "Mobtown".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/chron/html/chron18.html |title=Maryland Historical Chronology: 1800–1899 |date=August 24, 2021 |website=Maryland State Archives |access-date=October 13, 2021 }}</ref> Soon after the city created the world's first dental college, the [[University of Maryland School of Dentistry|Baltimore College of Dental Surgery]], in 1840, and shared in the [[Baltimore–Washington telegraph line|world's first telegraph line]], between Baltimore and [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1844.

Maryland, a [[slave state]] with limited popular support for [[secession]], especially in the three counties of Southern Maryland, remained part of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]], following the 55–12 vote by the Maryland General Assembly against secession. Later, the Union's strategic occupation of the city in 1861 ensured Maryland would not further consider secession.<ref>{{cite news| last=Clayton| first=Ralph| title=A bitter Inner Harbor legacy: the slave trade |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2000-07-12/news/0007120236_1_slave-pens-pratt-street-slave-trade |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |date=July 12, 2000 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=McPherson| first=James M. | author-link=James M. McPherson |title=Battle Cry of Freedom |date=December 11, 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press| location=US| isbn=978-0-19-516895-2| page=287| title-link=Battle Cry of Freedom (book) }}</ref> The Union's capital of Washington, D.C. was well-situated to impede Baltimore and Maryland's communication or commerce with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. Baltimore experienced some of the first casualties of Civil War on April 19, 1861, when [[Union Army]] soldiers en route from [[President Street Station]] to [[Camden Yards]] clashed with a secessionist mob in the [[Baltimore riot of 1861|Pratt Street riot]].

In the midst of the [[Long Depression]] that followed the [[Panic of 1873]], the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] company attempted to lower its workers' wages, leading to [[Baltimore railroad strike of 1877|strikes and riots]] in the city and [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877|beyond]]. Strikers clashed with the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]], leaving 10 dead and 25 wounded.<ref>Scharf (1879), Vol. 3, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/historymaryland02thomgoog#page/n764/mode/2up 728]–742.</ref> The beginnings of [[settlement movement]] work in Baltimore were made early in 1893, when Rev. Edward A. Lawrence took up lodgings with his friend Frank Thompson, in one of the [[Mount Winans, Baltimore|Winans]] tenements, the [[Lawrence House (Baltimore)|Lawrence House]] being established shortly thereafter at 814-816 West Lombard Street.<ref name="Gavit-1897">{{cite book |last1=Gavit |first1=John Palmer |title=Bibliography of College, Social and University Settlements |date=1897 |publisher=Co-operative Press |page=24 |edition=Public domain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA24 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><ref name="WoodKennedy-1911">{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Robert Archey |last2=Kennedy |first2=Albert Joseph |title=Handbook of Settlements |date=1911 |publisher=Charities Publication Committee |edition=Public domain |pages=100–01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>
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