Marriage

====Judaism====
[[File:Joodse bruiloft Rijksmuseum SK-A-2598.jpeg|thumb|A Jewish wedding, painting by [[Jozef Israëls]], 1903]]
[[File:V03p128a01 Ketubah.jpg|thumb|A [[Ketubah]] in Hebrew, a Jewish marriage-contract outlining the duties of each partner]]
{{Main|Jewish views on marriage}}
In [[Judaism]], marriage is based on the laws of the [[Torah]] and is a contractual bond between spouses in which the spouses agree to be consecrated to one another.<ref>[[Mishnah]] Kidushin 1:1</ref> This contract is called [[Erusin|Kiddushin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Talmud Bavli, Kiddushin 2a |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.2a.1?lang=bi |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children, as it is written "God blessed them and God said to them, 'Be fertile and increase.{{' "}}<ref>{{cite web |title=B'reishit 1:28 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.1.28?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> The main focus centers around the relationship between the spouses. [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistically]], marriage is understood to mean that the spouses are merging into a single soul. In Kabbalistic thought, a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/448425/jewish/Why-Marry.htm |title=Why Marry? |publisher=[[Chabad.org]]  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153323/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/448425/jewish/Why-Marry.htm |archive-date=24 December 2007 }}</ref>

The [[Hebrew Bible]] describes a number of marriages, including those of [[Isaac]],<ref>{{cite web |title=B'reishit 24 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.24?lang=bi&aliyot=0 |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> [[Jacob]]<ref name="B'reishit 29">{{cite web |title=B'reishit 29 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.29.2?lang=bi&aliyot=0 |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> and [[Samson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoftim 14 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Judges.14?lang=bi |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> [[Polygyny]], or men having multiple wives at once, is one of the most common marital arrangements represented in the Hebrew Bible;<ref name="JewEncMar">{{Jewish Encyclopedia|inline=1|title=Marriage|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=M&artid=213}}</ref> another is that of concubinage ([[pilegesh|pilagshut]]) which was often arranged by a man, and a woman who generally enjoyed the same rights as a full legal wife. Other means of concubinage are observed by the author of Judges 19–20,<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoftim 19–20 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Judges.19.2?lang=bi |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> or during war, as in Deuteronomy 21:10–12.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farbiarz |first1=Rachel |title=Women & War |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/women-war/ |website=My Jewish Learning |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> The rabbis of the Talmud exhibited discomfort with abduction of women in war for the purpose of marriage, declaring it to be a "compromise against man's [[Yetzer hara|evil inclination]]" to be avoided.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Shaye J. D. |last2=Farber |first2=Zev |title=Marrying a Beautiful Captive Woman |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/marrying-a-beautiful-captive-woman |website=The Torah |publisher=Project TABS |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Today [[Ashkenazi Jews]] are prohibited to take more than one wife because of a ban instituted on this by [[Gershom ben Judah]] (d. 1040 CE). However, academic scholarship indicates that prohibitions on polygyny may have existed far earlier, based on the [[Damascus Document|Damascus Covenant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sassoon |first1=Isaac S. D. |title=The Biblical Prohibition of Polygyny? |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-biblical-prohibition-of-polygyny |website=The Torah |publisher=Project TABS |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

Among ancient Hebrews, marriage was a domestic affair and not a religious ceremony; no officiant or witness was required by law. [[Maimonides|The Rambam]] wrote that "before the Torah was given, when a man would meet a woman in the marketplace and he and she decided to marry, he would bring her home, conduct relations in private and thus make her his wife." Subsequently, to the Torah being handed down at Sinai, however, the Jews received the commandment that a marriage must be witnessed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maimonides |title=Mishneh Torah, Marriage 1:1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Marriage.1.1?lang=bi&with=About&lang2=en |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

Betrothal (''[[erusin]]''), which refers to the time that this binding contract is made, is distinct from marriage itself (''[[Jewish wedding|nissu'in]]''), with the time between these events varying substantially.<ref name="JewEncMar" /><ref name="CheyneAndBlackMar">{{EncyclopaediaBiblica|article=MARRIAGE|section=Manius-Mash}}</ref> In biblical times, a wife was regarded as [[personal property]], belonging to her husband;<ref name="JewEncMar" /><ref name="CheyneAndBlackMar" /> the descriptions of the Bible suggest that she would be expected to perform tasks such as spinning, sewing, weaving, manufacture of clothing, fetching of water, baking of bread, and [[animal husbandry]].<ref name="B'reishit 29"/> A husband's obligations to his wife are 1) to provide her with food and care; 2) to supply her clothing and shelter; 3) to share a home with her; 4) to provide the ketubah (marriage contract); 5) to supply medical care if she falls ill; 6) to ransom her back if she is kidnapped; 7) to provide proper burial when she dies; 8) to provide for her materially if he predeceases her; 9) to provide for the support of their daughters until they marry or become adults; and 10) to see that their sons inherit the money specified in her ketubah, in addition to their portion of his estate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maimonides |title=Mishneh Torah, Marriage 12:2 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Marriage.12.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Men are also obligated sexually to their wives, per BT Ketubot 61b:10, with the frequency of marital relations determined in part by the occupation (and hence availability) of the husband.<ref>{{cite web |title=Talmud Bavli, Ketubot 61b:10 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.61b.10?lang=bi |website=Sefaria |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

Per Deuteronomy 24, because a wife was regarded as property, her husband was originally free to divorce her for any reason, at any time.<ref name="CheyneAndBlackMar" /> However, Talmudic sources complicate this matter significantly, with Beit Shammai stating that a man may divorce his wife only if she has committed a sexual transgression (such as adultery).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feinstein |first1=Eve Levavi |title=When Is a Man Allowed to Divorce his Wife? |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/when-is-a-man-allowed-to-divorce-his-wife |website=The Torah |publisher=Project TABS |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Divorcing a woman against her will was also banned by [[Gershom ben Judah]] for [[Ashkenazi Jews]]. A divorced couple were permitted to remarry, unless the wife had married someone else after her divorce.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feinstein |first1=Eve Levavi |title=Remarrying Your Ex-Wife |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/remarrying-your-ex-wife |website=The Torah |publisher=Project TABS |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>