COVID-19 pandemic

=== Health ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Yu |first1=Steven |last2=Wan |first2=Rongjun |last3=Bai |first3=Lu |last4=Zhao |first4=Bingrong |last5=Jiang |first5=Qiaoling |last6=Jiang |first6=Juan |last7=Li |first7=Yuanyuan |title=Transformation of chronic disease management: Before and after the COVID-19 outbreak |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |date=29 March 2023 |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1074364 |pmid=37064686 |pmc=10090362 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, Dixon S, Rade JJ, Tannenbaum M, Chambers J, Huang PP, Henry TD | title = Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 75 | issue = 22 | pages = 2871–2872 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32283124 | pmc = 7151384 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011 }}</ref> The head of cardiology at the [[University of Arizona]] said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital."<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23">[https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/coronavirus-phobia-keeping-heart-patients-away-from-er/ 'Where are all our patients?': Covid phobia is keeping people with serious heart symptoms away from ERs], ''Stat News'', Usha Lee McFarling, 23 April 2020.</ref> People with strokes and [[appendicitis]] were less likely to seek treatment.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Dula |first1=Adrienne Nicole |last2=Gealogo Brown |first2=Gretchel |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Aarushi |last4=Clark |first4=Kal L |title=Decrease in Stroke Diagnoses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Where Did All Our Stroke Patients Go? |journal=JMIR Aging |date=21 October 2020 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e21608 |doi=10.2196/21608 |pmid=33006936 |pmc=7581311 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Orthopoulos |first1=Georgios |last2=Santone |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Izzo |first3=Francesca |last4=Tirabassi |first4=Michael |last5=Pérez-Caraballo |first5=Aixa M. |last6=Corriveau |first6=Nicole |last7=Jabbour |first7=Nicolas |title=Increasing incidence of complicated appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The American Journal of Surgery |date=1 May 2021 |volume=221 |issue=5 |pages=1056–1060 |doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.026 |pmid=33012500 |pmc=7521886 |issn=0002-9610}}</ref><ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23" /> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Medical supply shortages]] impacted many people.<ref name="Atlantic Shortages">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Faust JS |title=Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/medication-shortages-are-next-crisis/610798/ |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=28 April 2020}}</ref> The pandemic impacted [[mental health]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Stix_2021">{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Stix G |title=Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/|access-date=10 October 2021|website=Scientific American}}</ref> increasing [[anxiety]], depression, and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Luo Y, Chua CR, Xiong Z, Ho RC, Ho CS | title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Viral Respiratory Epidemics on Mental Health: An Implication on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 11 | page = 565098 | date = 23 November 2020 | pmid = 33329106 | pmc = 7719673 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Santomauro_2021">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL |date=8 October 2021|title=Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The Lancet | volume = 398 | issue = 10312 | pages = 1700–1712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7 | pmid = 34634250 | pmc = 8500697 | s2cid = 238478261 }}</ref>

In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Principi |first1=Nicola |last2=Autore |first2=Giovanni |last3=Ramundo |first3=Greta |last4=Esposito |first4=Susanna |title=Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Viruses |date=13 May 2023 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1160 |doi=10.3390/v15051160 |pmid=37243246 |pmc=10224029 |issn=1999-4915 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This formed the beginnings of the [[2022–2023 pediatric care crisis]] and what some experts have termed a "[[tripledemic]]" of seasonal influenza, [[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)]], and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wu |first1=Katherine |title=The Worst Pediatric-Care Crisis in Decades |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/10/rise-of-rsv-flu-covid-infections-kids/671947/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |publisher=The Atlantic |date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031233050/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/10/rise-of-rsv-flu-covid-infections-kids/671947/ |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mandavilli |first1=Apoorva |title=A 'Tripledemic'? Flu, R.S.V. and Covid May Collide This Winter, Experts Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/health/flu-covid-risk.html |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028223843/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/health/flu-covid-risk.html |archive-date=28 October 2022}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, pediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as [[Group A streptococcal infection]] and resultant [[scarlet fever]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Turner |first1=Claire E |title=Can group A streptococcus infections be influenced by viruses in the respiratory tract? |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=February 2023 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00865-9 |pmid=36566769 |s2cid=255018859 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00865-9/fulltext |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="United Kingdom">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mackintosh |first1=Thomas |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |title=Father of girl, 4, fighting for life with Strep A infection is 'praying for a miracle' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63844880 |access-date=4 December 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125723/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63844880 |archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to [[Streptococcus pyogenes|Strep A]] and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.<ref name="Strep A death">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Davis|first1=Nicola|title=Strep A kills three more children as UK activates alternative medicines plan: At least 19 children have died and scarlet fever cases are more than treble what they were in previous high season |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/dec/15/strep-a-kills-three-more-children-as-uk-activates-new-medicines-plan|access-date=17 December 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217040228/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/dec/15/strep-a-kills-three-more-children-as-uk-activates-new-medicines-plan |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Strep Expansion">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wetsman |first1=Nicole |last2=McLean |first2=Nicole |title=US children's hospitals are tracking increases in severe strep infections |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/us-childrens-hospitals-tracking-increases-severe-strep-infections/story?id=95388618 |access-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=ABC News |date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217100006/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/us-childrens-hospitals-tracking-increases-severe-strep-infections/story?id=95388618 |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

The B/Yamagata lineage of [[influenza B]] might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.<ref name="Alhoufie2021">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Alhoufie |first1=Sari T. |last2=Alsharif |first2=Naif H. |last3=Alfarouk |first3=Khalid O. |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Nadier A. |last5=Kheyami |first5=Ali M. |last6=Aljifri |first6=Alanoud A. |title=COVID-19 with underdiagnosed influenza B and parainfluenza-2 co-infections in Saudi Arabia: Two case reports |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |date=November 2021 |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=1567–1570 |pmid=34627054 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.005|pmc=8442300 }}</ref><ref name="Koutsakos2021">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Koutsakos |first1=Marios |last2=Wheatley |first2=Adam K. |last3=Laurie |first3=Karen |last4=Kent |first4=Stephen J. |last5=Rockman |first5=Steve |title=Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic? |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |date=December 2021 |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=741–742 |pmid=34584246 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4 | pmc=8477979 }}</ref> There have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.<ref name="WHOflu2023"/><ref name="UMN2023"/> In 2023, the [[World Health Organization]] concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal [[flu vaccine]], reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.<ref name="WHOflu2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title= Questions and Answers: Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the southern hemisphere 2024 influenza season and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness | author = [[World Health Organization]] | url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2024/202309_qanda_recommendation.pdf?sfvrsn=7a6906d1_5 | date=29 September 2023 | access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="UMN2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title=WHO advisers recommend switch back to trivalent flu vaccines | author = Schnirring L | website=CIDRAP | date=29 September 2023 | url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/who-advisers-recommend-switch-back-trivalent-flu-vaccines | access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>