Jerusalem

==Education==
===Universities===

Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and English.
[[File:HADASSA_HOSPITAL_MT._SCOPUS_JERUSALEM.jpg|thumb|[[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], [[Mount Scopus]] campus]]
Founded in 1925, the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=243&pubCode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414230850/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=243&pubCode=1 |archive-date=14 April 2011 |title=Times Higher Education |magazine=Times Higher Education |date=9 October 2008 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref name="hujiHistory" /> The university has produced several [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include [[Avram Hershko]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Avram Hershko |last=Hershko |first=Avram |access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> [[David Gross]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/gross-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=David J. Gross |last=Gross |first=David |access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> and [[Daniel Kahneman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Daniel Kahneman |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> One of the university's major assets is the [[National Library of Israel|Jewish National and University Library]], which houses over five million books.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Library: Main Collections |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |access-date=27 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429175424/http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: History and Aims |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |access-date=27 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421084915/http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |archive-date=21 April 2007}}</ref> The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on Mount Scopus, on [[Givat Ram|Giv'at Ram]] and a medical campus at the [[Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital]]. The [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] are located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and the [[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] located near the [[Beit HaNassi|Presidents House]].[[File:Hebron yeshiva 1.jpg|thumb|[[Hebron Yeshiva]] in [[Givat Mordechai]] neighbourhood|left]]
The [[Jerusalem College of Technology]], founded in 1969, combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies programme.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201120754/http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm |archive-date=1 February 2008 |publisher=Jerusalem College of Technology |title=About JCT |access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and [[Yeshiva|''Yeshivot'']], including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the [[Brisk yeshiva|Brisk]], [[Chevron yeshiva|Chevron]], [[Midrash Shmuel Yeshiva|Midrash Shmuel]] and [[Mir yeshiva (Jerusalem)|Mir]], are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202163159/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press%2BRoom/Jewish%2BAgency%2BIn%2BThe%2BNews/2000%2Band%2Bbefore/jpdec28.htm%2B188.htm |archive-date=2 February 2008 |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=The village of Mir, where Torah once flowed |last=Wohlgelernter |first=Elli |date=28 December 2000 |access-date=26 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.<ref name=cbs/> However, due to the large portion of students in [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jewish]] frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took [[matriculation]] exams (''[[Bagrut]]'') and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike [[public school (government funded)|public schools]], many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.<ref name=cbs/> To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046 |title=The best medicine for Jerusalem |author=Jonathan Lis |date=4 May 2005 |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Abu jihad.jpg|thumb|Inside [[Abu Jihad|Abu Jihad Museum]] of [[Al-Quds University]] ]]
[[Al-Quds University]] was established in 1984<ref name="quds1">{{cite web |url=http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |publisher=al-Quds University |access-date=19 March 2007 |title=Science & Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061028/http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |publisher=al-Quds University |title=Urgent Appeal |access-date=27 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317104232/http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |archive-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> [[Bard College]] of Annandale-on-Hudson, New York and Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college in a building originally built to house the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] and [[Yasser Arafat]]'s office. The college gives [[Master of Arts in Teaching]] degrees.<ref name="Kalman">[http://chronicle.com/article/Bard-CollegeAl-Quds/42380 "Bard College and Al-Quds University to Open Joint Campus"]. ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'', February 2008, by Matthew Kalman</ref> Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a {{cvt|190000|m2|acre|adj=on}} [[Abu Dis]] campus.<ref name="quds1" /> Other campuses of AQU are located within city limits of Jerusalem. A campus of university in [[Sheikh Jarrah]], which is one of the oldest faculties, is known as Hind Al Husseini College for Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=Hind Taher al-Husseini |url=https://www.jerusalemstory.com/en/bio/hind-taher-al-husseini |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=www.jerusalemstory.com |language=en}}</ref> It was named after [[Hind al-Husseini]], a Palestinian activists known for rescuing orphaned survivors of [[Deir Yassin massacre]] and giving them shelter in a palace of her grandfather, which was converted into an orphanage and later a college, which is a part today's Al Quds University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aqu2020 |date=13 July 2021 |title=Hind Al-Husseini Arts College continues its role as a vibrant scientific and cultural beacon in the heart of Jerusalem |url=https://www.alquds.edu/en/news/staff-news/4796/hind-al-husseini-arts-college-continues-its-role-as-a-vibrant-scientific-and-cultural-beacon-in-the-heart-of-jerusalem/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Al-Quds University |language=en-US}}</ref> A joint campus of AQU and Bard College is located in [[Beit Hanina]]. [[Bayt Mal Al Qods Acharif Agency]], a Moroccan organization is constructing a new campus in same neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Jihane Rahhou-Morocco World |title=Morocco's Foundation for Palestine to Construct University in East Jerusalem |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351292/moroccos-foundation-for-palestine-to-construct-university-in-east-jerusalem |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the [[Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Official site |work=[[Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance]] |url=http://www.jamd.ac.il/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504003213/http://www.jamd.ac.il/english/ |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> and [[Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design|Bezalel Academy of Art and Design]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Official site |work=[[Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design|Bezalel Academy of Art and Design]] |url=http://www.bezalel.ac.il/homenew/ |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512014427/http://www.bezalel.ac.il/homenew/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bezalel.ac.il/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022092403/http://bezalel.ac.il/en/ |archive-date=22 October 2007 |access-date=24 July 2018 |title=Welcome to the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design Jerusalem}}</ref> whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University.

===Arab schools===
[[File:Du-leshoni-2.jpg|thumb|[[Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish-Arab Education in Israel|Hand in Hand]], a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in Jerusalem]]Israel's public schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of the country have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.<ref name="HumanRights">{{cite web |publisher=Human Rights Watch |work=Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools |title=Summary |date=September 2001 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm |access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> While many schools in the heavily Arab East Jerusalem are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1221034883085&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Bridging the gap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916231636/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1221034883085&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=16 September 2011 |first=Etgar |last=Lefkovits |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=24 July 2018 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref> Schools in [[Ras al-Amud|Ras el-Amud]] and [[Umm Lison]] opened in 2008.<ref name="lis">{{Cite news |last=Lis |first=Jonathan |title=Mayor to raise funds for E. J'lem Arabs to block Hamas |work=Haaretz |access-date=9 September 2011 |date=21 April 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html |archive-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413071254/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a five-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6&nbsp;billion shekels was allocated for this project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607102540/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html |archive-date=7 June 2008 |title=8,000 new classrooms to be built in Arab, ultra-Orthodox schools |author=Or Kashti |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3&nbsp;million for the construction of schools for Arabs in East Jerusalem.<ref name="lis" /> Arab high school students take the ''[[Bagrut]]'' matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.<ref name="HumanRights" />