Ebola

===Reston virus===
{{For|more about the outbreak in Virginia, US|Reston virus}}
In late 1989, Hazelton Research Products' Reston Quarantine Unit in [[Reston, Virginia]], had an outbreak of fatal illness amongst certain lab monkeys. This lab outbreak was initially diagnosed as [[simian haemorrhagic fever virus]] (SHFV) and occurred amongst a shipment of [[crab-eating macaque]] monkeys imported from the Philippines. Hazelton's veterinary pathologist in Reston sent tissue samples from dead animals to the [[United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases]] (USAMRIID) at [[Fort Detrick, Maryland]], where an [[ELISA]] test indicated the antibodies present in the tissue were a response to Ebola virus and not SHFV.<ref name="Preston">{{Cite book | vauthors = Preston R |url=https://archive.org/details/hotzone00pres |title=The Hot Zone |publisher=Random House |year=1994 |isbn=978-0679437840 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hotzone00pres/page/300 300] |url-access=registration}}</ref> An electron microscopist from USAMRIID discovered [[filoviruses]] similar in appearance, in crystalloid aggregates and as single filaments with a shepherd's hook, to Ebola in the tissue samples sent from Hazelton Research Products' Reston Quarantine Unit.<ref name="McCormick 1999 277–279">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|Horvitz|1999|pp=277–279}}</ref>

A [[US Army]] team headquartered at USAMRIID [[Euthanisia|euthanised]] the surviving monkeys, and brought all the dead monkeys to Fort Detrick for study by the Army's veterinary pathologists and virologists, and eventual disposal under safe conditions.<ref name="Preston" /> Blood samples were taken from 178 animal handlers during the incident.<ref name="Waterman 1999">{{Cite book | vauthors = Waterman T |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html |title=Ebola Reston Outbreaks |publisher=Stanford University |year=1999 |access-date=2 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616192533/http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Of those, six animal handlers eventually [[seroconversion|seroconverted]], including one who had cut himself with a bloody scalpel.<ref name="isbn0-7910-8505-8">{{Cite book | vauthors = Smith T |url=https://archive.org/details/ebola0000smit |title=Ebola (Deadly Diseases and Epidemics) |publisher=Chelsea House Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-0791085059 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="McCormick 1999 298–299">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|Horvitz|1999|pp=298–299}}</ref> Despite its status as a [[Biosafety level 4|Level‑4]] organism and its apparent [[pathogen]]icity in monkeys, when the handlers did not become ill, the CDC concluded that the virus had a very low pathogenicity to humans.<ref name="McCormick 1999 298–299" /><ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|Horvitz|1999|p=300}}</ref>

The Philippines and the United States had no previous cases of Ebola infection, and upon further isolation, researchers concluded it was another strain of Ebola, or a new filovirus of Asian origin, which they named ''[[Reston ebolavirus]]'' (RESTV) after the location of the incident.<ref name="Preston" /> Reston virus (RESTV) can be transmitted to pigs.<ref name="Weingartl_2013" /> Since the initial outbreak it has since been found in nonhuman [[primate]]s in Pennsylvania, Texas, and Italy,<ref name="KnownCasesCDC">{{Cite web |title=Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease |url=http://origin.glb.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026230925/http://origin.glb.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC).gov}}</ref> where the virus had infected pigs.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = McNeil Jr DG |date=24 January 2009 |title=Pig-to-Human Ebola Case Suspected in Philippines |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/health/24ebola.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310113731/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/health/24ebola.html |archive-date=10 March 2009}}</ref> According to the WHO, routine cleaning and disinfection of pig (or monkey) farms with [[sodium hypochlorite]] or [[detergents]] should be effective in inactivating the ''Reston ebolavirus''. Pigs that have been infected with RESTV tend to show [[symptoms]] of the disease.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Lee J |date=2009 |title=Ebola-Reston virus in pigs |journal=Microbiology Australia |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=140 |doi=10.1071/ma09140 |issn=1324-4272 |doi-access=free}}</ref>