Doctor of Philosophy Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === USSR, Russian Federation and former Soviet Republics === ==== Candidate of Science degree awarded by the State Higher Attestation Commission ==== In [[Russia]], the degree of [[Candidate of Sciences]] ({{lang-ru|кандидат наук}}, Kandidat Nauk) was the first advanced research qualification in the former USSR (it was introduced there in 1934) and some [[Eastern Bloc]] countries ([[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]]) and is still awarded in some post-Soviet states (Russian Federation, Belarus, and others). According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Russia for foreign citizens: Recognition and equivalence of documents of education and scientific degrees |url=http://en.russia.edu.ru/edu/inostr/prizn/900.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706064615/http://en.russia.edu.ru/edu/inostr/prizn/900.php |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=en.russia.edu.ru}}</ref>" in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees (like Russian Federation, some post-Soviet states, Germany, Poland, Austria and Switzerland), should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree, and in countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Kandidat Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this PhD degree. Since most education systems only have one advanced research qualification granting doctoral degrees or equivalent qualifications (ISCED 2011,<ref name="par270">{{Cite web |title=International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 |url=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210050348/http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> par.270), the degree of [[Candidate of Sciences]] (Kandidat Nauk) of the former USSR countries is usually considered to be at the same level as the doctorate or PhD degrees of those countries.<ref name="IIEP2011">{{Cite book |last1=Varghese, N. V. |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001915/191585e.pdf |title=UNESCO-IIEP |last2=Püttmann, V. |publisher=UNESCO-IIEP |year=2011 |location=Paris |pages=11–12 |type=IIEP research papers |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101144001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001915/191585e.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live |work=Trends in Diversification of Post-secondary Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/24_245.pdf |title=The Doctorate in the Europe Region |work=CEPES Studies in Higher Education |publisher=UNESCO, CEPES |year=1994 |isbn=92-9069-133-6 |editor-last=Kouptsov, O. |location=Bucharest |page=199 |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915103524/http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/24_245.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=live}},</ref> According to the Joint Statement by the Permanent Conference of the Ministers for Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder of the Federal Republic of Germany ([[Kultusministerkonferenz]], KMK), [[German Rectors' Conference]] (HRK) and the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation]], the degree of Kandidat Nauk is recognised in Germany at the level of the [[#Germany|German degree of Doktor]] and the degree of [[Doktor Nauk]] at the level of German [[Habilitation]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.hrk-bologna.de/de/download/dateien/HRK_Abkommen_Russland.pdf |title=Gemeinsame Erklärungzur gegenseitigen akademischen Anerkennungvon tudienzeiten und Abschlüssen im Hochschulbereichsowie von Urkunden über russische wissenschaftliche Gradeund deutsche akademische Qualifikationen zwischen HRK |year=1999 |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513213353/http://www.hrk-bologna.de/de/download/dateien/HRK_Abkommen_Russland.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |work=KMK und dem Ministerium für Allgemeine und Berufliche Bildungder Russischen Föderation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/germ |title=Совместное заявление о взаимном академическом признании периодов обучения в высших учебных заведениях, документов о высшем образовании, российских ученых степенях и германских академических квалификациях |year=1999 |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304030800/http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/germ/ |archive-date=4 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Russian degree of Kandidat Nauk is also officially recognised by the Government of the [[French Republic]] as equivalent to [[#France|French doctorate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-05-12 |title=Décret n° 2003-744 du 1er août 2003 portant publication de l'accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie – sur la reconnaissance mutuelle des documents sur les grades et titres universitaires, signé à Saint-Pétersbourg |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000780537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821122233/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000780537 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Соглашения об эквивалентности документов об образовании |url=http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/soglash/2538.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706104548/http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/soglash/2538.php |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=www.russia.edu.ru}}</ref> According to the International Standard Classification of Education,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=International Standard Classification of Education |url=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210050348/http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> for purposes of international educational statistics, Kandidat Nauk ([[Candidate of Sciences]]) belongs to ISCED level 8, or "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, DLitt, DSc, LLD, Doctorate, or similar. It is mentioned in the Russian version of ISCED 2011 (par.262) on the UNESCO website as an equivalent to PhD belonging to this level.<ref name="par270" /> In the same way as PhD degrees awarded in many English-speaking countries, Kandidat Nauk ([[Candidate of Sciences]]) allows its holders to reach the level of the [[Docent]].<ref name="Luchuk">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Лучук О. Коли ми діждемося Вашинґтона? Тоді ж і станем "докторами"! До питання про академічні посади, наукові ступені та вчені звання в українському та американському наукових дискурсах // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність: Збірник наукових праць. Випуск 21. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І.Крип'якевича НАН України |url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/Uks/2012_21/40LuchukO.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524231434/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/Uks/2012_21/40LuchukO.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> The second doctorate<ref name="IIEP2011" /> (or post-doctoral degree)<ref name="TechnopolisUA">{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/ukraine_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513134841/http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/ukraine_en.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |website=Technopolis Group, GHK. Ukraine}}</ref><ref name="TechnopolisRU">{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/russia_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513132634/http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/russia_en.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> in some [[post-Soviet states]] called [[Doctor of Sciences]] ({{lang-ru|доктор наук}}, [[Doktor Nauk]]) is given as an example of second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates in ISCED 2011<ref name="par270" /> (par.270) and is similar to [[Habilitation]] in Germany, Poland and several other countries.<ref name="IIEP2011" /><ref name="TechnopolisRU" /> It constitutes a higher qualification compared to PhD as against the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) <ref>{{Cite web |last=A3 |first=EAC |date=31 August 2018 |title=Development of skills |url=https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/european-policy-cooperation/development-skills_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091321/https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/european-policy-cooperation/development-skills_en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Education and Training – European Commission}}</ref> or Dublin Descriptors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2004 |title=Shared Dublin Descriptors |url=http://www.tempus.ac.rs/here/tl_files/Dokumenti/Dublinski%20deskriptori.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102730/http://www.tempus.ac.rs/here/tl_files/Dokumenti/Dublinski%20deskriptori.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=www.tempus.ac.rs}}</ref><ref name="TechnopolisRU" /> About 88% of Russian students studying at state universities study at the expense of budget funds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Статистика Российского образования |url=http://stat.edu.ru/stat/tabl.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227090414/http://stat.edu.ru/stat/tabl.php |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=21 May 2012 |website=stat.edu.ru}}</ref> The average stipend in Russia ({{as of|2011|August|lc=y}}) is $430 a year ($35/month).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2011 |title=Стипендии на приоритетных специальностях составят от 2 до 4 тыс руб |trans-title=Scholarships for priority specialties will be from 2 to 4 thousand rubles |url=http://ria.ru/edu_news/20110804/411919327.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109224551/http://ria.ru/edu_news/20110804/411919327.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> The average tuition fee in graduate school is $2,000 per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krut |first=Natalia |title=слово берет защита |trans-title=protection takes the floor |url=http://www.careerrussia.ru/detail_new.php?ID=5925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101115231/http://www.careerrussia.ru/detail_new.php?ID=5925 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |website=CareerRussia.ru}}</ref> ==== PhD degree awarded by university==== [[File:Spbu-phd-dimploma-sample-2013.jpg|thumb|PhD SPbSU certificate]] On 19 June 2013, for the first time in the Russian Federation, defenses were held for the PhD degree awarded by universities, instead of the Candidate of Sciences degree awarded by the State Supreme Certification Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=N.V. Kuznetsov, P. Neittaanmäki, G.A. Leonov, Supervisors' manifest on the first PhD SPbSU (2013) |url=http://math.spbu.ru/user/nk/PDF/2013-First-PhD-SPbSU-Renat-Yuldashev-Supervisors.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173800/https://math.spbu.ru/user/nk/PDF/2013-First-PhD-SPbSU-Renat-Yuldashev-Supervisors.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PhD SPbU – Saint Petersburg University |url=https://english.spbu.ru/news/135-phd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128204611/https://english.spbu.ru/news/135-phd |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=english.spbu.ru}}</ref> Renat Yuldashev, the graduate of the Department of Applied Cybernetics of the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University, was the first to defend his thesis in field of mathematics according to new rules for the PhD SPbSU degree.<ref name="thesisRY-2013">{{Cite web |title=R. Yuldashev, Dissertation "Nonlinear Analysis and Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loops (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki), Saint-Petersburg State University Studies in Mathematics, Vol. 1, 2013 (PhD thesis) |url=http://apcyb.spbu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013-Renat-Yuldashev-Firts-PhD-SPbU-Math-Studies-Vol-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173636/http://apcyb.spbu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013-Renat-Yuldashev-Firts-PhD-SPbU-Math-Studies-Vol-1.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> For the defense procedure in the field of mathematics, it was used the experience of joint Finnish-Russian research and educational program organized in 2007 by the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Jyväskylä and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University: co-chairs of the program — N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, were organizers of the first defenses and co-supervisors of dissertations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R.Yuldashev, Dissertation "Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loop" (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, T. Tiihonen), Jyväskylä University Printing House, 2013 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/42622/978-951-39-5490-1_vaitos18122013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127191621/https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/42622/978-951-39-5490-1_vaitos18122013.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). 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