Buddhism

===Colonial era and after===
Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonisation of Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. Like other religions, the findings of modern science have challenged its basic premises. One response to some of these challenges has come to be called [[Buddhist modernism]]. Early Buddhist modernist figures such as the American convert [[Henry Steel Olcott|Henry Olcott]] (1832–1907) and [[Anagarika Dharmapala]]  (1864–1933) reinterpreted and promoted Buddhism as a scientific and rational religion which they saw as compatible with modern science.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=378}}

[[East Asian Buddhism]] meanwhile suffered under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebellion]] and [[World War II]] (which also affected [[Korean Buddhism]]). During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican period]] (1912–49), a new movement called [[Humanistic Buddhism]] was developed by figures such as [[Taixu]] (1899–1947), and though Buddhist institutions were destroyed during the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–76), there has been a revival of the religion in China after 1977.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=409–410}} [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]] also went through a period of modernisation during the [[Meiji period]].{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=403}} In [[Central Asia]] meanwhile, the arrival of [[Communism|Communist]] repression to [[Tibet]] (1966–1980) and [[Mongolia]]  (between 1924 and 1990) had a strong negative impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=414–417}}

In Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have destroyed some historic Buddhist monuments.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Francioni|first=F.|year=2003|title=The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law|journal=European Journal of International Law|volume=14|issue=4|pages=619–651|doi=10.1093/ejil/14.4.619|doi-access=free}}<!--| access-date=2016-06-04--></ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha | website=BBC News | date=2007-09-12 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6991058.stm | access-date=2016-06-04 | archive-date=19 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6991058.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>