Walmart

===Gender===
In 2007, a [[Discrimination|gender discrimination]] lawsuit, ''[[Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.]]'', was filed against Walmart, alleging that female employees were discriminated against in matters regarding pay and promotions. A [[class action]] suit was sought, which would have been the nation's largest in history, covering 1.5&nbsp;million past and current employees.<ref name="Greenhouse 07">{{cite news |title = Court approves class-action suit against Wal-Mart |last1 = Greenhouse |first1 = Steven |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/business/07bias.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = February 7, 2007 |access-date = February 28, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041701/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/business/07bias.html |archive-date = June 5, 2015}}</ref> On June 20, 2011, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] ruled in Wal-Mart's favor, stating that the plaintiffs did not have enough in common to constitute a class.<ref name="SCOTUS_Walmart">{{cite news |title = Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Petitioner v. Betty Dukes et al. |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/10-277.pdf |access-date = June 21, 2011 |newspaper = [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] |date = June 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110621230523/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/10-277.pdf |archive-date = June 21, 2011}}</ref> The court ruled unanimously that because of the variability of the plaintiffs' circumstances, the class action could not proceed as presented, and furthermore, in a 5–4 decision that it could not proceed as any kind of class action suit.<ref name="Lennard_Natasha">{{cite news |last = Lennard |first = Natasha |title = The Supreme Court sides with Wal-Mart |url = http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/06/20/supreme_court_sides_with_wal_mart/ |access-date = June 21, 2011 |newspaper = [[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date = June 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110621171105/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/06/20/supreme_court_sides_with_wal_mart |archive-date = June 21, 2011}}</ref> Several plaintiffs, including the lead plaintiff, Betty Dukes, expressed their intent to file individual discrimination lawsuits separately.<ref name="Clifford_Stephanie">{{cite news |last = Clifford |first = Stephanie |title = Despite Setback, Plaintiffs to Pursue Wal-Mart Cases |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/business/21walmart.html |access-date = June 21, 2011 |newspaper = The New York Times |date = June 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624070249/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/business/21walmart.html |archive-date = June 24, 2011}}</ref> Dukes died in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corkery |first1=Michael |title=Betty Dukes, Greeter Whose Walmart Lawsuit Went to Supreme Court, Dies at 67 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/business/betty-dukes-dead-walmart-worker-led-landmark-class-action-sex-bias-case.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=November 17, 2022 |date=July 18, 2017 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117170434/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/business/betty-dukes-dead-walmart-worker-led-landmark-class-action-sex-bias-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Walmart agreed to pay $20&nbsp;million, stop using a pre-employment test, and furnish other relief to settle a companywide, sex-based hiring discrimination lawsuit filed by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Walmart, Inc. to Pay $20 Million to Settle EEOC Nationwide Hiring Discrimination Case |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/walmart-inc-pay-20-million-settle-eeoc-nationwide-hiring-discrimination-case |website=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |access-date=November 17, 2022 |date=September 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117170436/https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/walmart-inc-pay-20-million-settle-eeoc-nationwide-hiring-discrimination-case |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a consultant hired by plaintiffs in a sex discrimination lawsuit, in 2001, Wal-Mart's [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] filings showed that female employees made up 65 percent of Wal-Mart's hourly paid workforce, but only 33&nbsp;percent of its management.<ref name="Conlin 01">{{cite news |title = Is Wal-Mart hostile to women? |last1 = Conlin |first1 = Michelle |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2001-07-15/is-wal-mart-hostile-to-women |magazine = Bloomberg |date = July 16, 2001 |access-date = February 28, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080220/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2001-07-15/is-wal-mart-hostile-to-women |archive-date = March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="zellner">{{cite news |title = No way to treat a lady? |last1 = Zellner |first1 = Wendy |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2003-02-20/no-way-to-treat-a-lady |magazine = Bloomberg |date = March 3, 2003 |access-date = February 28, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306075839/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2003-02-20/no-way-to-treat-a-lady |archive-date = March 6, 2016}}</ref> Just 35&nbsp;percent of its store managers were women, compared to 57 percent at similar retailers.<ref name="zellner"/> Wal-Mart says comparisons with other retailers are unfair, because it classifies employees differently; if department managers were included in the totals, women would make up 60&nbsp;percent of the managerial ranks.<ref name="zellner"/>