Tax

===Geoism===
{{Main|Georgism|Geolibertarianism|Land value tax}}
[[Geoists]] (Georgists and [[geolibertarians]]) state that taxation should primarily collect [[economic rent]], in particular the [[land value taxation|value of land]], for both reasons of economic efficiency as well as morality. The efficiency of using [[economic rent]] for taxation is (as economists agree<ref>[[Adam Smith]], [[The Wealth of Nations]] [[s:The Wealth of Nations/Book V/Chapter 2|Book V, Chapter 2]], Part 2, Article I: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=McCluskey |first1=William J. |last2=Franzsen |first2=Riël C. D. |title=Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis |page=4 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkogP2U4k0AC&pg=PA73|isbn=978-0-7546-1490-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/friedman-milton_interview-1978.html |title=Milton Friedman Interviewed -- 1978 |access-date=29 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329223758/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/friedman-milton_interview-1978.html |archive-date=29 March 2015 }}</ref>) due to the fact that such taxation cannot be passed on and does not create any [[dead-weight loss]], and that it removes the incentive to speculate on land.<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkogP2U4k0AC&pg=PA73|title=Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis |author1=William J. McCluskey |author2=Riël C. D. Franzsen |publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-1490-6|page=73|year=2005 }}</ref> Its morality is based on the [[Geoist]] premise that [[private property]] is justified for products of labor but not for [[land (economics)|land]] and [[natural resources]].<ref name=pnp>{{cite book |last=George |first=Henry |title=Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth |year=1879}}</ref>

Economist and social reformer [[Henry George]] opposed [[sales taxes]] and [[protective tariffs]] for their negative impact on trade.<ref>{{cite book |last=George |first=Henry |title=Protection or Free Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514177 |year=1886}}</ref> He also believed in the right of each person to the fruits of their own labor and productive investment. Therefore, income from [[Wage labour|paid labor]] and proper [[capital (economics)|capital]] should remain untaxed. For this reason many Geoists—in particular those that call themselves [[geolibertarian]]—share the view with [[libertarians]] that these types of taxation (but not all) are immoral and [[Taxation as theft|even theft]]. George stated there should be one [[single tax]]: the [[Land Value Tax]], which is considered both efficient and moral.<ref name=pnp /> Demand for specific land is dependent on nature, but even more so on the presence of communities, trade, and government infrastructure, particularly in [[urban area|urban]] environments. Therefore, the [[economic rent]] of land is not the product of one particular individual and it may be claimed for public expenses. According to George, this would end [[real estate bubble]]s, [[business cycles]], [[unemployment]] and distribute wealth much more evenly.<ref name=pnp /> [[Joseph Stiglitz]]'s [[Henry George Theorem]] predicts its sufficiency for financing public goods because those raise land value.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arnott |first=Richard J. |author2=Joseph E. Stiglitz |title=Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=Nov 1979 |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=471–500 |jstor=1884466 |doi=10.2307/1884466|s2cid=53374401 |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:160390/CONTENT/4624867.pdf }}</ref>

[[John Locke]] stated that whenever labor is mixed with natural resources, such as is the case with improved land, private property is justified under the [[Lockean proviso|proviso]] that there must be enough other natural resources of the same quality available to others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Locke |first=John |title=Second Treatise of Government |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/secondtreatiseof07370gut |chapter=5}}</ref> [[Geoists]] state that the Lockean proviso is violated wherever [[land value]] is greater than zero. Therefore, under the assumed principle of equal rights of all people to natural resources, the occupier of any such land must compensate the rest of society to the amount of that value. For this reason, [[geoists]] generally believe that such payment cannot be regarded as a true 'tax', but rather a compensation or [[fee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.landvaluetax.org/what-is-lvt/ |title=What is LVT? |work=landvaluetax.org |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001550/http://www.landvaluetax.org/what-is-lvt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This means that while Geoists also regard [[taxation]] as an instrument of [[social justice]], contrary to [[social democrats]] and [[social liberals]] they do not regard it as an instrument of [[redistribution (economics)|redistribution]] but rather a 'predistribution' or simply a correct distribution of [[the commons]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Gavin |title='Predistribution', property-owning democracy and land value taxation' |date=10 March 2015 |journal=Politics, Philosophy and Economics}}</ref>

Modern [[geoists]] note that [[land (economics)|land]] in the [[classical economic]] meaning of the word referred to all [[natural resources]], and thus also includes resources such as [[mineral deposits]], [[water bodies]] and the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], to which privileged access also generates [[economic rent]] that must be compensated. Under the same reasoning most of them also consider [[pigouvian taxes]] as compensation for environmental damage or privilege as acceptable and even necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Lindy |title=The Science of Political Economy: What George "Left Out" |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/leftout.htm |website=politicaleconomy.org |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Batt |first1=H. William |title=The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref>