Republican Party (United States)

==== Ethnicity ====
{{see also|Race and ethnicity in the United States}}

Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. The party abolished chattel slavery under [[Abraham Lincoln]], defeated the [[Slave Power]], and gave Black people the legal right to vote during [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction in the late 1860s]]. Until the [[New Deal]] of the 1930s, Black people supported the Republican Party by large margins.<ref name=South>In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans</ref> Black delegates were a sizable share of southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heersink|first1=Boris|last2=Jenkins|first2=Jeffery A.|date=2020|title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B/core-reader|journal=Studies in American Political Development|volume=34|pages=71–90|doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208|s2cid=213551748|issn=0898-588X|access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013516/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B|url-status=live}}</ref> Black people shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when Black politicians such as Arthur Mitchell and William Dawson supported the New Deal because it would better serve the interest of Black Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Party Realignment – US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Party-Realignment/ |access-date=June 24, 2020 |website=history.house.gov |archive-date=December 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221074318/https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Party-Realignment/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Black voters would become one of the core components of the [[New Deal coalition]]. In the South, after the [[Voting Rights Act]] to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, Black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.<ref name=Sitkoff>Harvard Sitkoff, ''A New Deal for Blacks'' (1978).</ref>

In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans, [[Tim Scott]] and [[Allen West (politician)|Allen West]], were elected to the House of Representatives. As of January 2023, there are four African-American Republicans in the House of Representatives and one African American Republican in the United States Senate.<ref name=Holmes2010>{{cite news|author=L. A. Holmes|url=http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/03/black-republicans-win-first-congress-seats-2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104213733/http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/03/black-republicans-win-first-congress-seats-2003|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 4, 2010|title=Black Republicans Win First Congress Seats Since 2003|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=April 7, 2010|access-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from [[Hispanic]] and [[Asian American]] voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com Election 2004 |url=https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=www.cnn.com |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104035510/https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leal |first=David |date=2004 |title=The Latino Vote in the 2004 Election |url=http://mattbarreto.com/papers/2004vote.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128155620/http://mattbarreto.com/papers/2004vote.pdf |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=mattbarreto.com/}}</ref><ref name=2004cnnexitpolls>{{cite news|title=Exit Polls|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.4.html|date=November 2, 2004|access-date=November 18, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421062126/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.4.html|archive-date=April 21, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular [[Cuban American]]s, [[Korean American]]s, [[Chinese American]]s and [[Vietnamese American]]s. The 2007 election of [[Bobby Jindal]] as Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.<ref name=BBC7412>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7907412.stm|title=Americas Profile: Bobby Jindal|work=[[BBC News]]|date=February 25, 2009|access-date=May 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102154911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7907412.stm|archive-date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Jindal became the first elected minority governor in [[Louisiana]] and the first state governor of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]] descent.<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31998/bobby-jindal-may-become-first.html|title=Bobby Jindal may become first Indian-American to be US prez|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=October 23, 2009|access-date=May 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420065245/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31998/bobby-jindal-may-become-first.html|archive-date=April 20, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Americans and Donald Trump – DW – 11/23/2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/trump-popular-among-vietnamese-americans/a-55702032 |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114184033/https://www.dw.com/en/trump-popular-among-vietnamese-americans/a-55702032 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Teixeira-2022">{{Cite web |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy |author-link=Ruy Teixeira |date=November 6, 2022 |title=Democrats' Long Goodbye to the Working Class |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/democrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class/672016/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |quote=As we move into the endgame of the 2022 election, the Democrats face a familiar problem. America’s historical party of the working class keeps losing working-class support. And not just among White voters. Not only has the emerging Democratic majority I once predicted failed to materialize, but many of the non-White voters who were supposed to deliver it are instead voting for Republicans... From 2012 to 2020, the Democrats not only saw their support among White working-class voters — those without college degrees — crater, they also saw their advantage among non-White working-class voters fall by 18 points. And between 2016 and 2020 alone, the Democratic advantage among Hispanic voters declined by 16 points, overwhelmingly driven by the defection of working-class voters. In contrast, Democrats' advantage among White college-educated voters improved by 16 points from 2012 to 2020, an edge that delivered Joe Biden the White House. |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107212010/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/democrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class/672016/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cohn-2022">{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Poll Shows Tight Race for Control of Congress as Class Divide Widens |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/upshot/poll-2022-midterms-congress.html |access-date=August 27, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=But the cofluence of economic problems and resurgent cultural issues has helped turn the emerging class divide in the Democratic coalition into a chasm, as Republicans appear to be making new inroads among non-White and working class voters... For the first time in a Times/Siena national survey, Democrats had a larger share of support among White college graduates than among non-White voters – a striking indication of the shifting balance of political energy... |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720164749/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/upshot/poll-2022-midterms-congress.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Zitner-2022">{{Cite web |last1=Zitner |first1=Aaron |last2=Mena |first2=Bryan |date=October 2, 2022 |title=Working-Class Latino Voters, Once Solidly Democratic, Are Shifting Toward Republicans |url=https://www.wsj.com/story/working-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]] |quote=Latinos across America are splitting among economic lines, with a pronounced shift among working-class voters toward the Republican party. |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008131525/https://www.wsj.com/story/working-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kraushaar-2022a">{{Cite web |last=Kraushaar |first=Josh |date=July 14, 2022 |title=The Great American Realignment |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |quote=Shifts in the demographics of the two parties' supporters — taking place before our eyes — are arguably the biggest political story of our time. Republicans are becoming more working class and a little more multiracial. Democrats are becoming more elite and a little more White... |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132417/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kraushaar-2022b">{{Cite web |last=Kraushaar |first=Josh |date=July 13, 2022 |title=The Democratic electorate's seismic shift |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |quote=Democrats are becoming the party of upscale voters concerned more about issues like gun control and abortion rights. Republicans are quietly building a multiracial coalition of working-class voters, with inflation as an accelerant... In the Times/Siena poll, Ds hold a 20-point advantage over Rs among White college-educated voters — but are statistically tied among Hispanics. |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720140825/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[John Avlon]], in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor [[Brian Sandoval]] and African-American U.S. senator [[Tim Scott]] of South Carolina.<ref>{{cite news|title=GOP's surprising edge on diversity|first=John|last=Avlon|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/18/opinion/avlon-gop-diversity/index.html?c=&page=0|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131025447/http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/18/opinion/avlon-gop-diversity/index.html?c=&page=0|archive-date=January 31, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Republican presidential candidate [[John McCain]] won 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.<ref name=pewresearch>[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618075224/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress|date=June 18, 2012}}. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009.</ref> In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.<ref>Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html ''Slate'' November 7, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706035304/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html |date=July 6, 2015 }}</ref> In the [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|2022 U.S. House elections]], Republicans won 58% of White voters, 40% of Asian voters, 39% of Hispanic voters, and 13% of African American voters.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 9, 2022|title=Exit polls for Midterm Election Results 2022|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2022/exit-polls/national-results/house/0|access-date=November 17, 2022|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=November 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116212531/https://www.cnn.com/election/2022/exit-polls/national-results/house/0|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2020, Republican candidates had lost the popular vote in seven out of the last eight presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/09/2020-republicans-doomed.html |title=The Republican Party is (Probably) Not Doomed |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911222213/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/09/2020-republicans-doomed.html |archive-date=September 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1992, the only time they won the popular vote in a presidential election is the [[2004 United States presidential election]]. Demographers have pointed to the steady decline of its core base of older, rural White voters (as a percentage of the eligible voters).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/republicans-_and_-democrats-should-be-worried-about-2020/|title=Republicans And Democrats Should Be Worried About 2020|first=Perry Jr.|last=Bacon|newspaper=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122752/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/republicans-_and_-democrats-should-be-worried-about-2020/|archive-date=September 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jul/02/republicans-try-to-save-their-deteriorating-party-with-another-push-for-a-carbon-tax|title=Republicans try to save their deteriorating party with another push for a carbon tax|first=Dana|last=Nuccitelli|date=July 2, 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161212/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jul/02/republicans-try-to-save-their-deteriorating-party-with-another-push-for-a-carbon-tax|archive-date=September 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-democratic-party-is-facing-a-demographic-crisis-72948|title=The Democratic Party is facing a demographic crisis|first=Musa|last=al-Gharbi|website=The Conversation|date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=March 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070607/http://theconversation.com/the-democratic-party-is-facing-a-demographic-crisis-72948|archive-date=March 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/trump-2016-election/528519/|title=Why Voter Demographics in U.S. Elections Matter Now More Than Ever|first=Ronald|last=Brownstein|date=May 31, 2017|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161148/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/trump-2016-election/528519/|archive-date=September 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Donald Trump]] managed to increase non-White support to 26% of his total votes in the 2020 election — the highest percentage for a GOP presidential candidate since 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2020/11/04/despite-racist-charges-trump-did-better-with-minorities-than-any-gop-candidate-in-60-years/|title=Despite 'racist' charges, Trump did better with minorities than any GOP candidate in 60 years|first=Josh|last=Hammer|date=November 5, 2020|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213055120/https://nypost.com/2020/11/04/despite-racist-charges-trump-did-better-with-minorities-than-any-gop-candidate-in-60-years/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54972389|title=US election 2020: Why Trump gained support among minorities|date=November 22, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201183542/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54972389|url-status=live}}</ref>