Ebola

==Other animals==
===Wild animals===
Ebola has a high mortality rate among primates.<ref name="Choi2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Choi JH, Croyle MA |date=December 2013 |title=Emerging targets and novel approaches to Ebola virus prophylaxis and treatment |journal=BioDrugs |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=565–583 |doi=10.1007/s40259-013-0046-1 |pmc=3833964 |pmid=23813435}}</ref> Frequent outbreaks of Ebola may have resulted in the deaths of 5,000 gorillas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2006 |title=Ebola 'kills over 5,000 gorillas' |work=BBC News Online |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6220122.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329013552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6220122.stm |archive-date=29 March 2009}}</ref> Outbreaks of Ebola may have been responsible for an 88% decline in tracking indices of observed chimpanzee populations in the 420&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> Lossi Sanctuary between 2002 and 2003.<ref name="doi10.1126/science.1092528" /> Transmission among chimpanzees through meat consumption constitutes a significant risk factor, whereas contact between the animals, such as touching dead bodies and grooming, is not.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, Steiner C, Donati F, Dind F, Walker F, Le Guenno B |date=February 1999 |title=Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d'Ivoire |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 179 |issue= Suppl 1 |pages=S120–S126 |citeseerx=10.1.1.484.5782 |doi=10.1086/514296 |pmid=9988175 |s2cid=18658117}}</ref>

Recovered gorilla carcasses have contained multiple Ebola virus strains, suggesting multiple introductions of the virus. Bodies decompose quickly and carcasses are not infectious after three to four days. Contact between gorilla groups is rare, suggesting that transmission among gorilla groups is unlikely, and that outbreaks result from transmission between viral reservoirs and animal populations.<ref name="doi10.1126/science.1092528">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquière S, Kilbourne A, Froment JM, Bermejo M, Smit S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE |date=January 2004 |title=Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife |journal=Science |volume=303 |issue=5656 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2004Sci...303..387L |doi=10.1126/science.1092528 |pmid=14726594 |s2cid=43305484}}</ref>

===Domestic animals===
In 2012, it was demonstrated that the virus can travel without contact from pigs to nonhuman primates, although the same study failed to achieve transmission in that manner between primates.<ref name="Weingartl_2013" /><ref name="Weingartl2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weingartl HM, Embury-Hyatt C, Nfon C, Leung A, Smith G, Kobinger G |date=November 2012 |title=Transmission of Ebola virus from pigs to non-human primates |journal=Sci Rep |volume=2 |page=811 |bibcode=2012NatSR...2E.811W |doi=10.1038/srep00811 |pmc=3498927 |pmid=23155478}}</ref>

Dogs may become infected with EBOV but not develop symptoms. Dogs in some parts of Africa [[scavenge]] for food, and they sometimes eat EBOV-infected animals and also the corpses of humans. A 2005 survey of dogs during an EBOV outbreak found that although they remain asymptomatic, about 32 percent of dogs closest to an outbreak showed a [[seroprevalence]] for EBOV versus nine percent of those farther away.<ref name="pmid15757552">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Allela L, Boury O, Pouillot R, Délicat A, Yaba P, Kumulungui B, Rouquet P, Gonzalez JP, Leroy EM |date=March 2005 |title=Ebola virus antibody prevalence in dogs and human risk |journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=385–390 |doi=10.3201/eid1103.040981 |pmc=3298261 |pmid=15757552}}</ref> The authors concluded that there were "potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks."

===Reston virus===
{{For|more about the outbreak in Virginia, US|Reston virus}}
In late 1989, Hazelton Research Products' Reston Quarantine Unit in [[Reston, Virginia]], had an outbreak of fatal illness amongst certain lab monkeys. This lab outbreak was initially diagnosed as [[simian haemorrhagic fever virus]] (SHFV) and occurred amongst a shipment of [[crab-eating macaque]] monkeys imported from the Philippines. Hazelton's veterinary pathologist in Reston sent tissue samples from dead animals to the [[United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases]] (USAMRIID) at [[Fort Detrick, Maryland]], where an [[ELISA]] test indicated the antibodies present in the tissue were a response to Ebola virus and not SHFV.<ref name="Preston">{{Cite book | vauthors = Preston R |url=https://archive.org/details/hotzone00pres |title=The Hot Zone |publisher=Random House |year=1994 |isbn=978-0679437840 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hotzone00pres/page/300 300] |url-access=registration}}</ref> An electron microscopist from USAMRIID discovered [[filoviruses]] similar in appearance, in crystalloid aggregates and as single filaments with a shepherd's hook, to Ebola in the tissue samples sent from Hazelton Research Products' Reston Quarantine Unit.<ref name="McCormick 1999 277–279">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|Horvitz|1999|pp=277–279}}</ref>

A [[US Army]] team headquartered at USAMRIID [[Euthanisia|euthanised]] the surviving monkeys, and brought all the dead monkeys to Fort Detrick for study by the Army's veterinary pathologists and virologists, and eventual disposal under safe conditions.<ref name="Preston" /> Blood samples were taken from 178 animal handlers during the incident.<ref name="Waterman 1999">{{Cite book | vauthors = Waterman T |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html |title=Ebola Reston Outbreaks |publisher=Stanford University |year=1999 |access-date=2 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616192533/http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Of those, six animal handlers eventually [[seroconversion|seroconverted]], including one who had cut himself with a bloody scalpel.<ref name="isbn0-7910-8505-8">{{Cite book | vauthors = Smith T |url=https://archive.org/details/ebola0000smit |title=Ebola (Deadly Diseases and Epidemics) |publisher=Chelsea House Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-0791085059 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="McCormick 1999 298–299">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|Horvitz|1999|pp=298–299}}</ref> Despite its status as a [[Biosafety level 4|Level‑4]] organism and its apparent [[pathogen]]icity in monkeys, when the handlers did not become ill, the CDC concluded that the virus had a very low pathogenicity to humans.<ref name="McCormick 1999 298–299" /><ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|Horvitz|1999|p=300}}</ref>

The Philippines and the United States had no previous cases of Ebola infection, and upon further isolation, researchers concluded it was another strain of Ebola, or a new filovirus of Asian origin, which they named ''[[Reston ebolavirus]]'' (RESTV) after the location of the incident.<ref name="Preston" /> Reston virus (RESTV) can be transmitted to pigs.<ref name="Weingartl_2013" /> Since the initial outbreak it has since been found in nonhuman [[primate]]s in Pennsylvania, Texas, and Italy,<ref name="KnownCasesCDC">{{Cite web |title=Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease |url=http://origin.glb.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026230925/http://origin.glb.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC).gov}}</ref> where the virus had infected pigs.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = McNeil Jr DG |date=24 January 2009 |title=Pig-to-Human Ebola Case Suspected in Philippines |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/health/24ebola.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310113731/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/health/24ebola.html |archive-date=10 March 2009}}</ref> According to the WHO, routine cleaning and disinfection of pig (or monkey) farms with [[sodium hypochlorite]] or [[detergents]] should be effective in inactivating the ''Reston ebolavirus''. Pigs that have been infected with RESTV tend to show [[symptoms]] of the disease.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Lee J |date=2009 |title=Ebola-Reston virus in pigs |journal=Microbiology Australia |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=140 |doi=10.1071/ma09140 |issn=1324-4272 |doi-access=free}}</ref>