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Do not fill this in! ===References=== {{Reflist |30em| refs= <!-- Please order references alphabetically by ref name --> <ref name="Al-Ghazali">{{Cite book |last=Al-Ghazali |url=https://www.ghazali.org/works/taf-eng.pdf |title=The Incoherence of Philosophers |language=English |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102161409/https://www.ghazali.org/works/taf-eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Anonymous1847">{{cite journal |last1=Anonymous |title=Jean-Paul Frederich Richter |journal=The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science and Art |date=Nov 1847 |volume=12 |page=317 |hdl=2027/iau.31858055206621 }}</ref> <!--{{Refn|name=Antognazza2015|{{Cite journal | last = Antognazza | first = Maria Rosa | date = 2015-01-02 | title = The Benefit to Philosophy of the Study of Its History | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09608788.2014.974020 | journal = British Journal for the History of Philosophy | language = en | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 161–184 | doi = 10.1080/09608788.2014.974020 | s2cid = 146427733 | issn = 0960-8788}}}}--> <!-- <ref name="BengsonMoffett2012">{{Cite book |editor-last=Bengson |editor-first=John |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25384 |title=Knowing How : Essays on Knowledge, Mind, and Action |editor-last2=Moffett |editor-first2=Marc A. |date=2012-01-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538936-4 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389364.001.0001}}</ref> --> <ref name="Bennett2007">{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Karen |date=November 2007 |title=Epistemicide!: The Tale of a Predatory Discourse |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13556509.2007.10799236 |journal=The Translator |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=151–169 |doi=10.1080/13556509.2007.10799236 |s2cid=220274129 |issn=1355-6509 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001056/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13556509.2007.10799236 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Benton2017">{{cite journal |last1=Benton |first1=Matthew |title=Epistemology Personalized |journal=The Philosophical Quarterly |date=2017 |volume=67 |issue=269 |pages=813–834 |doi=10.1093/pq/pqx020 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BENEP-3 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213801/https://philpapers.org/rec/BENEP-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Black2002">{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Tim |title=Relevant alternatives and the shifting standards of knowledge |journal=Southwest Philosophy Review |date=1 April 2002 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.5840/swphilreview20021813 |url=https://www.pdcnet.org/swphilreview/content/swphilreview_2002_0018_0001_0023_0032 |language=en |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602215108/https://www.pdcnet.org/swphilreview/content/swphilreview_2002_0018_0001_0023_0032 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Blair2006">{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Ann |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139054010/type/book |title=The Cambridge History of Science |date=2006-07-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05401-0 |editor-last=Park |editor-first=Katharine |edition=1 |chapter=Chapter 17: Natural Philosophy |doi=10.1017/chol9780521572446 |editor-last2=Daston |editor-first2=Lorraine}}</ref> <ref name="Boghossian2006">{{cite book |last1=Boghossian |first1=Paul |title=Fear of Knowledge |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> <ref name=Bonjour2010>{{cite book |last=BonJour |first=L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hOxXxRAWcwC |title=Epistemology: Classic problems and contemporary responses |date=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9780742564190 |series=Elements of philosophy}}</ref> <ref name="Borchert1967">{{cite book |editor-last=Borchert |editor-first=Donald M. |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title-link=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter=Epistemology |volume=3 |publisher=Macmillan |date=1967}}</ref> <ref name="Braustein2012">{{cite book |last=Braunstein |first=Jean-François |date=2012 |chapter=Historical epistemology, old and new |title=Epistemology and history from Bachelard and Canguilhem to today's history of science: conference, 9–11 Dezember 2010 |location=Berlin |publisher=[[Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte]] |pages=33–40 |oclc=930958013 |url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P434.PDF |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430163943/https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P434.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Britannica Epistemology">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |last1=Stroll |first1=Avrum |title=epistemology |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology |access-date=20 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710175341/https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Carus1891">{{Cite book |last=Carus |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgkOAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22though+all+our+knowledge+begins+with+experience%22+carus&pg=PA29 |title=Fundamental Problems: The Method of Philosophy as a Systematic Arrangement of Knowledge |date=1891 |publisher=Open Court |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Descartes1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Descartes' Epistemology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118024854/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Descartes2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Descartes |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/ |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306030559/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Descartes1985">{{cite book |last=Descartes |first=Rene |title=The Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes Vol. I |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28807-1}}</ref> <ref name="Descartes1985b">{{cite book |last=Descartes |first=Rene |title=Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes Vol. II |year=1985b |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28808-8}}</ref> <ref name="DuránFormanek2018">{{cite journal |last1=Durán |first1=Juan M. |last2=Formanek |first2=Nico |title=Grounds for Trust: Essential Epistemic Opacity and Computational Reliabilism |journal=Minds and Machines |date=1 December 2018 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=645–666 |doi=10.1007/s11023-018-9481-6 |s2cid=53102940 |language=en |issn=1572-8641 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1904.01052 }}</ref> <ref name="Ferrier1854">{{cite book |last1=Ferrier |first1=James Frederick |title=Institutes of metaphysic: the theory of knowing and being |date=1854 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDICAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA46 |access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> <ref name=Floridi2003>{{Cite book |last=Floridi |first=Luciano |chapter=The renaissance of epistemology |date=2003-11-27 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139053563A059/type/book_part |title=The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945 |pages=533–543 |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-first=Thomas |access-date=2023-10-19 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521591041.045 |isbn=978-0-521-59104-1}}</ref> <ref name="Fumerton2008">{{cite book |last1=Fumerton |first1=Richard |title=The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism |date=25 September 2008 |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195183214-e-3 |language=en |chapter=The Problem of the Criterion |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602215110/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195183214-e-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Goldman1976">{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Alvin I. |title=Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |date=18 November 1976 |volume=73 |issue=20 |pages=771–791 |doi=10.2307/2025679 |jstor=2025679 }}</ref> <ref name="GoldmanOlsson2009">{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Alvin I. |last2=Olsson |first2=E.J. |editor1-first=A. |editor1-last=Haddock |editor2-first=A. |editor2-last=Millar |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Pritchard |title=Epistemic Value |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2009 |page=24 |chapter=Reliabilism and the Value of Knowledge |isbn=978-0-19-923118-8 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="Haack1993">{{cite book |title=Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology |first=Susan |last=Haack |author-link=Susan Haack |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-631-19679-2}}</ref> <ref name="HájekLin2017">{{cite journal |last1=Hájek |first1=Alan |last2=Lin |first2=Hanti |title=A Tale of Two Epistemologies? |journal=Res Philosophica |date=2017 |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=207–232 |doi=10.11612/resphil.1540 |s2cid=160029122 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HJEATO |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104182746/https://philpapers.org/rec/HJEATO |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Hannon2021">{{cite book |last1=Hannon |first1=Michael |date=2021 |chapter=Knowledge, concept of |title=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |location=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |chapter-url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HANTCO-45 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-P031-2 |isbn=9780415250696 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602215108/https://philpapers.org/rec/HANTCO-45 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="HartmannSprenger2010">{{cite book |last1=Hartmann |first1=Stephan |last2=Sprenger |first2=Jan |title=The Routledge Companion to Epistemology |date=2010 |publisher=London: Routledge |pages=609–620 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BOVSIO |chapter=Bayesian Epistemology |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516095047/https://philpapers.org/rec/BOVSIO |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Hetherington2012">{{Cite book |year=2012 |first=Stephen |last=Hetherington |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |title=Epistemology: The Key Thinkers |edition=1 |isbn=978-1-4411-1783-0}}</ref> <ref name="Hintikka1974">{{Cite book |last=Hintikka |first=Jaakko |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-2217-0 |title=Knowledge and the Known |date=1974 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-010-2219-4 |location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-2217-0}}</ref> <ref name="IchikawaSteup2018">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ichikawa |first1=Jonathan Jenkins |last2=Steup |first2=Matthias |title=The Analysis of Knowledge |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=24 May 2022 |date=2018 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502031402/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP defeaters-in-epistemology #sh2b">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Sudduth |first1=Michael |title=Defeaters in Epistemology: 2b Defeasibility Analyses and Propositional Defeaters |url=https://iep.utm.edu/defeaters-in-epistemology/#SH2b |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=17 May 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602105748/https://iep.utm.edu/defeaters-in-epistemology/#SH2b |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP Epistemology">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Truncellito |first1=David |title=Epistemology |url=https://iep.utm.edu/Epistemo/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113223803/https://iep.utm.edu/epistemo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP Gettier">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Hetherington |first1=Stephen |title=Gettier Problems |url=https://iep.utm.edu/gettier/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219085540/http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gettier.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP int-ext">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Poston |first1=Ted |title=Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology |url=https://iep.utm.edu/int-ext/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=17 May 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331074000/https://iep.utm.edu/int-ext/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP Knowledge">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Hetherington |first1=Stephen |title=Knowledge |url=https://iep.utm.edu/knowledg/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602105750/https://iep.utm.edu/knowledg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP problem-of-the-criterion">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=McCain |first1=Kevin |title=Problem of the Criterion |url=https://iep.utm.edu/problem-of-the-criterion/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602105754/https://iep.utm.edu/problem-of-the-criterion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IEP Virtue Epistemology" >{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Baehr |first1=Jason S. |title=Virtue Epistemology |url=https://iep.utm.edu/virtueep/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525032036/https://iep.utm.edu/virtueep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Irwin2010">{{Cite book |last=Irwin|first=Terence| chapter=Aristotle| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444315080 |title=A Companion to Epistemology |date=2010-01-15 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-3900-7 |editor-last=Dancy |editor-first=Jonathan |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781444315080 |editor-last2=Sosa |editor-first2=Ernest |editor-last3=Steup |editor-first3=Matthias}}</ref> <ref name="James2000">{{Cite book |last=James |first=William |editor-last=Gunn |editor-first=Giles B. |title=Pragmatism and Other Writings |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=9780140437355 |oclc=41871068}}</ref> <ref name="Jonassen1991">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/bf02296434 |title=Objectivism versus constructivism: Do we need a new philosophical paradigm? |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=5–14 |year=1991 |last1=Jonassen |first1=David H. |s2cid=53412771}}</ref> <ref name="Kim1988">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jaegwon |title=What Is Naturalized Epistemology? |journal=Philosophical Perspectives |date=1988 |volume=2 |pages=381–405 |doi=10.2307/2214082 |jstor=2214082 }}</ref> <ref name="Kitchener2007">{{Cite journal| last = Kitchener| first = Richard F.| date = 2007| title = Bertrand Russell's Naturalistic Epistemology| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0031819107319050/type/journal_article| journal = Philosophy| language = en| volume = 82| issue = 1| pages = 115–146| doi = 10.1017/S0031819107319050| s2cid = 170710338| issn = 0031-8191}}</ref> <ref name="Klein1998">{{cite book |last=Klein |first=Peter D. |date=1998 |chapter=Knowledge, concept of |editor1-last=Craig |editor1-first=Edward |title=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |location=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/knowledge-concept-of/v-1 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-P031-1 |isbn=9780415250696 |oclc=38096851 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613025031/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/knowledge-concept-of/v-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="KleinTurri">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Klein |first1=Peter D. |last2=Turri |first2=John |title=Infinitism in Epistemology |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/inf-epis/ |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515200827/https://www.iep.utm.edu/inf-epis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Kornblith2002">{{cite book |last1=Kornblith |first1=Hilary |title=Knowledge and its Place in Nature |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref 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The Analysis of Knowledge}}</ref> <ref name="Malpas1992">{{Cite book|last=Malpas| first= Jeff| year=1992 | title= Donald Davidson and the mirror of meaning: holism, truth, interpretation | location = New York | publisher= Cambridge University Press}}</ref> <ref name="Olsson2018">{{cite book |last1=Olsson |first1=Erik J. |title=Introduction to Formal Philosophy |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |pages=431–442 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE |chapter=Bayesian Epistemology |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516095057/https://philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="OxfordEpisteme2014">{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd |chapter=Episteme}}</ref> <ref name="OxfordEpistemology2014">{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd |chapter=Epistemology}}</ref> <ref name="Parikh2017">{{cite book |last1=Parikh |first1=Rohit |author1-link=Rohit Jivanlal Parikh |last2=Renero |first2=Adriana |title=Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science |date=2017 |volume=324 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-53280-6 |pages=93–102 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-53280-6_4 |language=en |chapter=Justified True Belief: Plato, Gettier, and Turing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-53280-6_4 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602105750/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-53280-6_4 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Peirce">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.peirce.org/writings/p119.html |title=How to Make Our Ideas Clear |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003203035/http://www.peirce.org/writings/p119.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Peña-Guzmán2020">{{cite journal |last=Peña-Guzmán |first=David M. |date=February 2020 |title=French historical epistemology: discourse, concepts, and the norms of rationality |journal=[[Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A]] |volume=79 |pages=68–76 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.01.006 |pmid=32072927 |bibcode=2020SHPSA..79...68P |s2cid=171955388 }}</ref> <ref name="Piaget1967">{{cite book |last=Piaget |first=Jean |date=1967 |chapter=L'Épistémologie et ses variétés |editor-last=Piaget |editor-first=Jean |title=Logique et connaissance scientifique |series=Encyclopédie de la Pléiade |volume=22 |location=Paris |publisher=[[Éditions Gallimard]] |pages=3–61 ([https://archive.org/details/logiqueetconnais0000unse_l6/page/6 6]) |oclc=1691632 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/logiqueetconnais0000unse_l6/page/6 |chapter-url-access=registration |language=fr}} Translated into English by Richard F. Kitchener as: {{cite encyclopedia |title=Epistemology and its varieties |url=https://www.academia.edu/36978229 |publisher=academia.edu |access-date=2023-05-06 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506155131/https://www.academia.edu/36978229 |url-status=live |last1=Kitchener |first1=Richard }}</ref> <ref name="Plato2002">{{cite book |last1=Plato |title=Five Dialogues |date=2002 |publisher=Hackett Pub. Co. |location=Indianapolis, IN |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fivedialogueseut00plat/page/89 89–90; 97b–98a] |isbn=978-0-87220-633-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/fivedialogueseut00plat/page/89 }}</ref> <ref name="Plato2008">{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1672/1672-h/1672-h.htm |title=Gorgias |last=Plato |translator=Benjamin Jowett |date=5 October 2008 |via=Project Gutenberg |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116180531/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1672/1672-h/1672-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Pollock1975">{{cite book |author=John L. Pollock |title=Knowledge and Justification |publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-691-07203-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/knowledgejustifi0000poll }}</ref> <ref name="Popkin1972">{{cite book |last1=Popkin |first1=Richard |editor1-last=Edwards |editor1-first=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7 |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-864651-0 |pages=449–461 |chapter=Skepticism}}</ref> <ref name="Pritchard2007">{{Cite journal |title=Recent Work on Epistemic Value |first=Duncan |last=Pritchard |journal=American Philosophical Quarterly |date=April 2007 |volume=44 |number=2 |pages=85–110 |jstor=20464361}}</ref> <ref name="Pritchard2013">{{cite book |last1=Pritchard |first1=Duncan |title=What is this thing called Knowledge? |date=1 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-57367-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfUhAQAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=3 Defining knowledge}}</ref> <ref name="PsillosCurd2010">{{cite book |last1=Psillos |first1=Stathis |last2=Curd |first2=Martin |title=The Routledge companion to philosophy of science |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-54613-3 |pages=129–138 |edition=1. publ. in paperback}}</ref> <ref name="Quine1969">{{Cite book |last=Quine |first=W. 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Kim |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-19724-9 |date=2004}}</ref> <ref name="REP Metaepistemology">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Metaepistemology |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |location=London |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/metaepistemology |last=Gerken |first=Mikkel |date=2016 |edition=1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |accessdate=2021-05-24 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524161758/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/metaepistemology |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Rodriguez2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Ángel García |title=Fake barns and our epistemological theorizing |journal=Crítica: Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía |date=2018 |volume=50 |issue=148 |pages=29–54 |doi=10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2018.02 |jstor=26767766 |s2cid=171635198 |issn=0011-1503 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Sangeetha2021>{{Cite book |last=Sangeetha |first=K. 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|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analytic-synthetic |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713063242/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analytic-synthetic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP Ancient Skepticism">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ancient Skepticism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317123533/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP apriori">{{cite encyclopedia |title=A Priori Justification and Knowledge |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/apriori/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812143105/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/apriori/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP Belief">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Belief |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=22 June 2020 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115080001/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP definitions #ReaNomDef">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Gupta |first1=Anil |title=Definitions: 1.1 Real and nominal definitions |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/definitions/#ReaNomDef |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501014300/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/definitions/#ReaNomDef |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109154924/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/epistemology/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP epistemology-social">{{Cite SEP |url-id=epistemology-social |title=Social Epistemology |first=Alvin |last=Goldman |first2=Thomas |last2=Blanchard |date=2015}}</ref> <ref name="SEP Feminist Epistemology">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Feminist Epistemology |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127204532/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP Feminist Social">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Feminist Social Epistemology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-social-epistemology/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603210358/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-social-epistemology/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP Formal Belief">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Formal Representations of Belief |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formal-belief/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=22 June 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711105817/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formal-belief/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP Formal Epistemology">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Formal Epistemology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formal-epistemology/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314172053/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formal-epistemology/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP justep-foundational">{{cite SEP |url-id=justep-foundational |title=Foundational Theories of Epistemic Justification}}</ref> <ref name="SEP knowledge-analysis" >{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Analysis of Knowledge |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502031402/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP Knowledge How" >{{cite encyclopedia |title=Knowledge How |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-how/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=28 Nov 2023 |archive-date=25 Nov 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125132818/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-how/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="SEP knowledge-value">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-value/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=The Value of Knowledge |first1=Duncan |last1=Pritchard |first2=John |last2=Turri |access-date=24 February 2016 |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311092703/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-value/ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="SEP pragmatism" >{{cite SEP |url-id=pragmatism |title=Pragmatism |date=6 April 2021 |edition=Summer 2021 |last=Legg |first=Catherine |last2=Hookway |first2=Christopher}}</ref> <ref name="SEP rationalism-empiricism">{{Citation |last1=Markie |first1=Peter |title=Rationalism vs. Empiricism |date=2023 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-11-02 |edition=Spring 2023 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Folescu |first2=M. |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> <ref name="SEP truth">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Truth |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120210351/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Sidelle2001">{{cite journal |last1=Sidelle |first1=Alan |title=An Argument That Internalism Requires Infallibility |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |date=2001 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1111/j.1933-1592.2001.tb00096.x |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SIDAAT |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602215105/https://philpapers.org/rec/SIDAAT |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="skepticism">{{cite journal |title=Skepticism |journal=Encyclopedia of Empiricism |year=1997}}</ref> <ref name="Smith1936">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Margaret |title=The Forerunner of Al-Ghazālī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182038 |journal=Cambridge University Press |year=1936 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=25182038 |via=JSTOR |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116023828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182038 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="StanleyWilllamson2001">{{cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=Jason |last2=Willlamson |first2=Timothy |title=Knowing How |journal=Journal of Philosophy |date=2001 |volume=98 |issue=8 |pages=411–444 |doi=10.2307/2678403 |jstor=2678403 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/WILKHV |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602215122/https://philpapers.org/rec/WILKHV |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- {{Refn| name=Stroud2011|{{Cite journal |last=Stroud |first=Barry |date=2011 |title=Epistemology, the History of Epistemology, Historical Epistemology |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10670-011-9337-4 |journal=Erkenntnis |language=en |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=495–503 |doi=10.1007/s10670-011-9337-4 |s2cid=143497596 |issn=0165-0106}}}} --> <ref name="Sturm2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sturm |first1=Thomas |s2cid=142375514 |title=Historical Epistemology or History of Epistemology? The Case of the Relation Between Perception and Judgment |journal=Erkenntnis |date=2011 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=303–324 |doi=10.1007/s10670-011-9338-3 }}</ref> <ref name="Suber1996">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Suber|first=Peter|url=http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/skept.htm#fideism |title=Classical Skepticism | year=1996|access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203225220/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/skept.htm#fideism |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Swain1998">{{cite book |last1=Swain |first1=Marshall |date=1998 |chapter=Knowledge, causal theory of |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |title=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |location=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/knowledge-causal-theory-of/v-1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-P004-1 |isbn=9780415250696 |oclc=38096851 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024958/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/knowledge-causal-theory-of/v-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Talbert2015">{{cite journal |last1=Talbert |first1=Bonnie |title=Knowing Other People |journal=Ratio |date=2015 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=190–206 |doi=10.1111/rati.12059 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Talbott">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Talbott |first1=William |title=Bayesian Epistemology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=6 March 2021 |date=2016 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401034856/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="TurriAlfanoGreco2021">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Turri |first1=John |last2=Alfano |first2=Mark |last3=Greco |first3=John |title=Virtue Epistemology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/ |encyclopedia=The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=18 May 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030005/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Uebel2015">{{cite book |last=Uebel |first=Thomas |title=Empiricism at the Crossroads: The Vienna Circle's Protocol-Sentence Debate Revisited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nq-6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |year=2015 |publisher=Open Court |isbn=978-0-8126-9929-6 |page=14}}</ref> <ref name="Warburton1996">{{cite book |last1=Warburton |first1=Nigel |title=Thinking from A to Z |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415433716}}</ref> <ref name="Wartofsky1979">{{cite book |last=Wartofsky |first=Marx W. |title=Models |chapter=Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology |author-link=Marx W. Wartofsky |date=1979 |orig-year=1973 |series=Synthese library |volume=129 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=[[D. Reidel]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/modelsrepresenta0000wart/page/188 188–210] |isbn=9027707367 |oclc=4775354 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-9357-0_11 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/modelsrepresenta0000wart/page/188 |chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> <ref name="Wartofsky1983">{{cite book |last=Wartofsky |first=Marx W. |author-link=Marx W. Wartofsky |date=1983 |chapter=From genetic epistemology to historical epistemology: Kant, Marx and Piaget |editor-last=Liben |editor-first=Lynn S. |title=Piaget and the Foundations of Knowledge |series=The Jean Piaget Symposium series |location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=[[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]] |pages=1–17 |isbn=0898592488 |oclc=22891908}}</ref> <ref name="Wenning2009">{{cite journal |last=Wenning |first=Carl J. |url=http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/scientific_epistemology.pdf |title=Scientific epistemology: How scientists know what they know |date=Autumn 2009 |journal=Journal of Physics Teacher Education Online |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=3–15 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623183504/http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/scientific_epistemology.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Zagzebski1999">{{cite book |last1=Zagzebski |first1=Linda |author1-link=Linda Zagzebski |date=1999 |chapter=What Is Knowledge? |editor1-last=Greco |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Sosa |editor2-first=Ernest |title=The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology |location=Malden, MA |publisher=Blackwell |pages=92–116 |chapter-url=https://philpapers.org/rec/ZAGWIK |isbn=9780631202905 |oclc=39269507 |doi=10.1002/9781405164863.ch3 |s2cid=158886670 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602215147/https://philpapers.org/rec/ZAGWIK |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Zagzebski2017">{{cite journal |last1=Zagzebski |first1=Linda |title=The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good |journal=Metaphilosophy |volume=34 |issue=1/2 |page=13 |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/ZAGTFE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008075519/https://philpapers.org/archive/ZAGTFE.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> }} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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