Chinese folk religion

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|32em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{citation | last = Adler | first = Joseph | chapter = Chinese Religion: An Overview | title = Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Ed. | editor-first = Lindsay | editor-last = Jones | location = Detroit | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | year = 2005 | chapter-url = http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Chinese%20Religions%20-%20Overview.htm | access-date = 5 December 2015 | archive-date = 14 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151214203205/http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Chinese%20Religions%20-%20Overview.htm | url-status = live }}
* {{cite conference | first = Joseph A. | last = Adler | title = The Heritage of Non-Theistic Belief in China | conference = (Conference paper) Toward a Reasonable World: The Heritage of Western Humanism, Skepticism, and Freethought | location = San Diego, CA | date = 2011 | url = http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Non-theistic.pdf | access-date = 27 April 2014 | archive-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Non-theistic.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Cai | first = Zongqi | year = 2004 | title = Chinese Aesthetics: Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 978-0824827915 }}
* {{cite book | last = Chamberlain | first = Jonathan | year = 2009 | title = Chinese Gods : An Introduction to Chinese Folk Religion | publisher = Blacksmith Books | location = Hong Kong | isbn = 9789881774217 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Chan | first = Kim-Kwong | title = Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios | journal = Religion, State & Society | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–119| date = 2005 | doi = 10.1080/09637490500118570| s2cid = 73530576 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Chang | first = Ruth H. | title = Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties | journal = [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] | issue = 108 | date = 2000 | issn = 2157-9679 }}
* {{cite book | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | year = 2005a | title = Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China | publisher = Stanford University Press |isbn = 9780804751605 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | author-mask = 2 | title = The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China | journal = Modern China | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 236–278 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/general_info/biographies/chinese/chau-publications/Chau%20The%20politics%20of%20legitimation%20and%20the%20revival%20of%20popular%20religion.pdf | doi = 10.1177/0097700404274038 | s2cid = 144130739 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234625/http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/general_info/biographies/chinese/chau-publications/Chau%20The%20politics%20of%20legitimation%20and%20the%20revival%20of%20popular%20religion.pdf | archive-date = 30 December 2013 | df = dmy-all }} 
* {{cite journal | last = Chau |first = Adam Yuet | author-mask= 2 | title = Modalities of Doing Religion and Ritual Polytropy: Evaluating the Religious Market Model from the Perspective of Chinese Religious History | journal = Religion | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 457–568 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1080/0048721X.2011.624691 |s2cid = 146463577 }}
* {{citation | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | author-mask = 2 | chapter = A Different Kind of Religious Diversity: Ritual Service Providers and Consumers in China | pages = 141–156 | title = Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought | editor1 = Schmidt-Leukel, Perry | editor2 = Joachim Gentz | location = New York | publisher = Palgrave-MacMillan | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781137333193 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VePQAQAAQBAJ | access-date = 25 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215111716/https://books.google.com/books?id=VePQAQAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Cheng | first = Manchao | year = 1995 | title = The Origin of Chinese Deities | publisher = Foreign Languages Press | location = Beijing | url = https://archive.org/details/originofchinesed00chen | isbn = 978-7119000305 | url-access = registration }}
* {{cite conference | first = Philip | last = Clart | pages = 391–412 | title = Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China | conference = International Symposium on Mazu and Chinese folk religion ({{lang-zh|媽祖與華人民間信仰」國際研討會論文集}}) | location = Boyang, Taipei | date = 2014 | url = http://home.uni-leipzig.de/clartp/Yanjiu%20xin%20shijie%202014.pdf | access-date = 24 May 2015 | archive-date = 23 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150523055017/http://home.uni-leipzig.de/clartp/Yanjiu%20xin%20shijie%202014.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Clart | first = Philip | title = Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"? | journal = T'oung Pao | volume = 89 | issue = LXXXIX | pages = 1–38 | date = 2003 | url = http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/Clart%202003.pdf | doi = 10.1163/156853203322691301 | access-date = 8 May 2015 | archive-date = 26 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226013000/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/Clart%202003.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Clart | first = Philip | title = The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan | journal = Journal of Chinese Religions | volume = 25 | pages = 1–32 | date = 1997 | url = http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/The%20Phoenix%20and%20the%20Mother.pdf | doi = 10.1179/073776997805306959 | access-date = 17 August 2016 | archive-date = 4 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140304002847/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/The%20Phoenix%20and%20the%20Mother.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Davis | first = Edward L. | year = 2005 | title = Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture | publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-0415241298 }}
* {{Cite book | last = De Groot | first = J.J.M. | author-link = Jan Jakob Maria de Groot | title = The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith | year = 1892 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands }} 6 volumes. Online at: [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html Les classiques des sciences sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109115521/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html |date=9 January 2009 }}; Scribd: [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935093/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-1-Groot Vol. 1], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935163/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-2-Groot Vol. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817115926/https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935163/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-2-Groot |date=17 August 2016 }}, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935219/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-3-Groot Vol. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817103126/https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935219/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-3-Groot |date=17 August 2016 }}, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935256/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-4-Groot Vol. 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120613/https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935256/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-4-Groot |date=17 August 2016 }}, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935289/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-5-Groot Vol. 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121415/https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935289/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-5-Groot |date=17 August 2016 }}, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935357/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-6-Groot Vol. 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817125642/https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935357/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-6-Groot |date=17 August 2016 }}.
* {{cite journal | last = Didier | first = John C. | title = In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200 | journal = [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] | issue = 192 | date = 2009 }} ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol1.pdf Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323050218/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol1.pdf |date=23 March 2022 }}'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol2.pdf Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318005855/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol2.pdf |date=18 March 2022 }}'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol3.pdf Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323050228/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol3.pdf |date=23 March 2022 }}''.
* {{cite book | last = Do | first = Thien | year = 2003 | title = Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region | publisher = Routledge | series = Anthropology of Asia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Piudqn9uijUC | isbn = 978-0415307994 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215111713/https://books.google.com/books?id=Piudqn9uijUC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | title = The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today | journal = Cultural Diversity in China | volume = 1| issue = 1 | pages = 27–43 | date = 2015 | issn = 2353-7795 | doi = 10.1515/cdc-2015-0005 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | title = The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China | journal = China Watch | date = 2013 | url = http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf | access-date = 30 December 2013 | archive-date = 21 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421062120/http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf | url-status = live }} Preprint from ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion'', 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
* {{cite book | last = Fowler | first = Jeanine D. | year = 2005 | title = An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality | publisher = Sussex Academic Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9wi-ZDdmaqEC | isbn = 978-1845190866 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Goossaert | first1 = Vincent | last2 = Palmer | first2 = David | year = 2011 | title = The Religious Question in Modern China | publisher = University of Chicago Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx83dlLMPdMC | isbn = 978-0226304168 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112111/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx83dlLMPdMC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Gaenssbauer | first1 = Monika | year = 2015 | title = Popular Belief in Contemporary China: A Discourse Analysis | publisher = Projekt Verlag | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGfOCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0226304168 | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112126/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGfOCgAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite conference | first = Ze | last = Jin | title = Challenges and Choices Facing Folk Faith in China | conference = Religion and Cultural Change in China | location = The Brookings Institution - Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Washington: DC | date = 2005 | url = http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cnaps/events/jinzeenglish20050201.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003028/http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cnaps/events/jinzeenglish20050201.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}
* {{citation | last = Jansen | first = Thomas | chapter = Sacred Texts | title = The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions | series = Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion | volume = 82 | editor-last = Nadeau | editor-first = Randall L. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1444361971 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC | access-date = 31 July 2016 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112109/https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Stephen | year = 2013 | title = In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China | publisher = Ashgate Publishing |isbn = 978-1409481300 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lagerwey | first1 = John | last2 = Kalinowski | first2 = Marc | year = 2008 | title = Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD) | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Idhyr1hqS0kC | isbn = 978-9004168350 | access-date = 27 July 2016 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112115/https://books.google.com/books?id=Idhyr1hqS0kC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Law | first = Pui-Lam | title = The Revival of Folk Religion and Gender Relationships in Rural China: A Preliminary Observation | journal = Asian Folklore Studies | volume = 64 | pages = 89–109 | date = 2005 | url = http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/672 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | last = Li | first = Ganlang | year = 2009 | title = 台灣古建築圖解事典 | edition = 四版五刷 | publisher = 遠流出版社 | location = Taipei | isbn = 978-9573249573 | pages = 47–49 }}
* {{cite book | last = Li | first = Lan | year = 2016 | title = Popular Religion in Modern China: The New Role of Nuo | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pwrPCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1317077954 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112113/https://books.google.com/books?id=pwrPCwAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Libbrecht | first = Ulrich | author-link = Ulrich Libbrecht | year = 2007 | title = Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy | publisher = Peeters Publishers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC | isbn = 978-9042918122 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112107/https://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Little | first1 = Stephen | last2 = Eichman | first2 = Shawn | year = 2000 | title = Taoism and the Arts of China | publisher = University of California Press | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5ame4Rl1RXMC | isbn = 978-0520227859 }}
* {{cite book | last = Littlejohn | first = Ronnie | year = 2010 | title = Confucianism: An Introduction | publisher = I. B. Tauris | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_RZe8Hr57NEC | isbn = 978-1848851740 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112124/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RZe8Hr57NEC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lü | first1 = Daji | last2 = Gong | first2 = Xuezeng | year = 2014 | title = Marxism and Religion | series = Religious Studies in Contemporary China | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6r0FAwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-9047428022 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112548/https://books.google.com/books?id=6r0FAwAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Medhurst | first = Walter H. | year = 1847 | title = A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity, in the Chinese Language | publisher = Mission Press | url = https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.13521 }} Original preserved at The British Library. Digitalised in 2014.
* {{cite book | last = Mou | first = Zhongjian | year = 2012 | title = Taoism | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkMuSA5pNsC | isbn = 978-9004174535 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112553/https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkMuSA5pNsC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | author-link = Daniel L. Overmyer | year = 1986 | title = Religions of China: The World as a Living System | publisher = Harper & Row | location = New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYkbAAAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781478609896 | access-date = 9 August 2015 | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009211554/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYkbAAAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 2009 | title = Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden; Boston | url = http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | isbn = 9789047429364 | access-date = 24 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150616021930/http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | archive-date = 16 June 2015 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | last = Ownby | first = David | title = Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience | journal = Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions | volume = 144 | issue = 144| year = 2008 | doi = 10.4000/assr.17633 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last = Palmer | first = David A. | title = Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category? | journal = Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore | volume = 172 | pages = 21–72 | year = 2011 | url = http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1 | access-date = 3 May 2014 | archive-date = 4 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140504001451/http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Paper | first = Jordan | year = 1995 | title = The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany, NY | isbn = 978-0791423158 }}
* {{cite book | last = Pregadio | first = Fabrizio | year = 2013 | title = The Encyclopedia of Taoism | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC | isbn = 978-1135796341 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 5 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231005052151/https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC | url-status = live }} Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z.
* {{cite book | last = Pas | first = Julian F. | year = 2014 | title = Historical Dictionary of Taoism | series = Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Albany, NY | asin = B00IZ9E7EI }}
* {{cite journal | last = Payette | first = Alex | title = Local Confucian Revival in China: Ritual Teachings, 'Confucian' Learning and Cultural Resistance in Shandong | journal = China Report | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = February 2016 | doi = 10.1177/0009445515613867 | s2cid = 147263039 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Sautman | first = Barry | author-link = Barry Sautman | year = 1997 | title = Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China |editor-first=Frank |editor-last=Dikötter |encyclopedia=The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | pages = 75–95 |isbn=9622094430}}
* {{citation | last1 = Shahar | first1 = Meir | last2 = Weller | first2 = Robert Paul | year = 1996 | title = Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gegRl__dR8EC | isbn = 978-0190258146 | access-date = 31 July 2016 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112537/https://books.google.com/books?id=gegRl__dR8EC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Shi | first = Yilong 石奕龍 | script-title = zh:中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教 | title = Zhongguo Hanren zifadi zongjiao shijian: Shenxianjiao | trans-title = The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism | journal = 中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版 (Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)) | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 146–150 | date = 2008 | url = http://www.doc88.com/p-2949949083043.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190831211141/http://www.doc88.com/p-2949949083043.html | archive-date = 31 August 2019 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Shen | first1 = Qingsong | last2 = Shun | first2 = Kwong-loi | year = 2007 | title = Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect | publisher = Council for Research in Values & Philosophy | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iKjsm-JUbD0C | isbn = 978-1565182455 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sun | first1 = Xiaochun | last2 = Kistemaker | first2 = Jacob | year = 1997 | title = The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=87lvBoFi8A0C | isbn = 978-9004107373 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112544/https://books.google.com/books?id=87lvBoFi8A0C | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal |last =Tan |first =Chee-Beng |authorlink = |title =Chinese Religion in Malaysia: A General View |journal =Asian Folklore Studies |volume =42 |issue =2 |pages =217–252 |date =1983 |language = |url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/1178483 |jstor =1178483 |issn = |doi =10.2307/1178483 |accessdate = |url-access =subscription |archive-date =8 April 2022 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220408035322/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178483 |url-status =live }}
* {{citation | first = Stephen F. | last = Teiser | author-link = Stephen F. Teiser | chapter = The Spirits of Chinese Religion | title = Religions of China in Practice | editor = Donald S. Lopez Jr. | location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | chapter-url = http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf | access-date = 17 August 2015 | archive-date = 24 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150824055938/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf | url-status = live }}, extracts at ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510022244/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm |date=10 May 2014 }}''.
* {{cite journal | last = Teiser | first = Stephen F. | title = Popular Religion | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 378–395 | date = 1995 | jstor = 2058743| doi = 10.2307/2058743| s2cid = 156063450 }}
* * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Tay | first = Wei Leong | year = 2010 | title = Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation | url = http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf | editor-first = Haneda | editor-last = Masashi | encyclopedia = Secularization, Religion and the State | publisher = University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy | access-date = 8 May 2015 | archive-date = 10 October 2022 | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Wang | first = Mingming | title = A Drama of the Concepts of Religion: Reflecting on Some of the Issues of "Faith" in Contemporary China | journal = Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series | issue = 155 | page = 27 | date = 2011 | url = http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps11_155.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161016193041/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps11_155.pdf | archive-date = 16 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book | last = Wang | first = Robin R. | year = 2004 | title = Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization | publisher = State University of New York Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv8kM9sW3RUC | isbn = 978-0791460061 | access-date = 23 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv8kM9sW3RUC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite thesis | last = Wu | first = Hsin-Chao | title = Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China | type = PhD | publisher = Harvard University | date = 2014 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13070033/Wu_gsas.harvard.inactive_0084L_11791.pdf?sequence=1 | access-date = 17 January 2016 | archive-date = 12 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160212195114/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13070033/Wu_gsas.harvard.inactive_0084L_11791.pdf?sequence=1 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Yang | first1 = Fenggang | last2 = Hu | first2 = Anning | title = Mapping Chinese Folk Religion in Mainland China and Taiwan | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 505–521 | date = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01660.x }}
* {{citation | last = Yang | first = Mayfair Mei-hui | author-link = Mayfair Yang | chapter = Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics | title = Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation | editor-last1 = Held | editor-first1 = David | editor-last2 = Moore | editor-first2 = Henrietta | location = Oxford | publisher = Oneworld Publications | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1851685509 }}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235730/http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf Available online].
* {{cite book | last = Yang | first = C. K. | author-link = C.K. Yang (sociologist) | year = 1961 | title = Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N2d09EhGBgkC | isbn = 9780520013711 | access-date = 7 November 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112600/https://books.google.com/books?id=N2d09EhGBgkC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Yao | first1 = Xinzhong | author-link1 = Yao Xinzhong | year = 2010 | title = Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach | publisher = A&C Black | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC | isbn = 9781847064752 | access-date = 19 August 2015 | archive-date = 15 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215112539/https://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Zavidovskaya | first = Ekaterina A. | title = Deserving Divine Protection: Religious Life in Contemporary Rural Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces | journal = St. Petersburg Annual of Asian and African Studies | volume = I | pages = 179–197 | date = 2012 | url = https://www.academia.edu/2071015 | access-date = 2 November 2017 | archive-date = 8 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220408035321/https://www.academia.edu/2071015 | url-status = live }}
* {{citation | last = Zhao | first = Dunhua | chapter = The Chinese Path to Polytheism | title = Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization | editor-last = Wang | editor-first = Robin R. | year = 2012 | publisher = State University of New York Press | isbn = 978-0791485507 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7BMp7VT7G4oC }}
* {{cite journal | last = Zhou | first = Jixu | title = Old Chinese "*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics | journal = [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] | issue = 167 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf | access-date = 28 June 2015 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102445/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf | url-status = live }}

; Articles
* Fenggang Yang. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/31/stand-still-and-watch/ Stand still and watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153252/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/31/stand-still-and-watch/ |date=6 January 2014 }}''. In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China]''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
* Prasenjit Duara. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/11/21/chinese-religions-in-comparative-historical-perspective/ Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117123442/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/11/21/chinese-religions-in-comparative-historical-perspective/ |date=17 January 2014 }}''. In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China]''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
* Richard Madsen. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ Secular belief, religious belonging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030065448/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ |date=30 October 2013 }}''. In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China]''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
* Nathan Schneider. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2010/09/23/the-future-of-chinas-past/ The future of China's past: An interview with Mayfair Yang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153208/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2010/09/23/the-future-of-chinas-past/ |date=6 January 2014 }}''. The Immanent Frame, 2010.
{{refend}}