Ebola

==Society and culture==
{{see also|Cultural effects of the Ebola crisis}}

===Weaponisation===
''Ebolavirus'' is classified as a [[Biosafety level#Levels|biosafety level 4]] agent, as well as a [[Bioterrorism#Category A|Category A bioterrorism]] agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<ref name="Ansari2014" /><ref name="MacNeil2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=MacNeil A, Rollin PE |date=June 2012 |title=Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers: neglected tropical diseases? |journal=PLOS Negl Trop Dis |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e1546 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001546 |pmc=3385614 |pmid=22761967 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It has the potential to be weaponised for use in [[biological warfare]],<ref name="pmid11988060">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Borio L, Inglesby T, Peters CJ, Schmaljohn AL, Hughes JM, Jahrling PB, Ksiazek T, Johnson KM, Meyerhoff A, O'Toole T, Ascher MS, Bartlett J, Breman JG, Eitzen EM, Hamburg M, Hauer J, Henderson DA, Johnson RT, Kwik G, Layton M, Lillibridge S, Nabel GJ, Osterholm MT, Perl TM, Russell P, Tonat K |date=May 2002 |title=Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=287 |issue=18 |pages=2391–405 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.18.2391 |pmid=11988060}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salvaggio MR, Baddley JW |date=July 2004 |title=Other viral bioweapons: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=291–302, vi |doi=10.1016/j.det.2004.03.003 |pmid=15207310}}</ref> and was investigated by [[Biopreparat]] for such use, but might be difficult to prepare as a [[weapon of mass destruction]] because the virus becomes ineffective quickly in open air.<ref name="Zubray">{{Cite book | vauthors = Zubray G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwkVgNPRnKoC&pg=PA73 |title=Agents of Bioterrorism: Pathogens and Their Weaponization |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0231518130 |location=New York |pages=73–74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504004715/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwkVgNPRnKoC&pg=PA73 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc }}</ref> Fake emails pretending to be Ebola information from the WHO or the Mexican government have, in 2014, been misused to spread computer malware.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Malicious Ebola-Themed Emails Are on the Rise |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/24/malicious-ebola-themed-emails-are-on-the-rise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707125209/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/24/malicious-ebola-themed-emails-are-on-the-rise/?action=click&contentCollection=US%20Open&region=Article&module=Promotron |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=The New York Times }}</ref> The BBC reported in 2015 that "North Korean state media has suggested the disease was created by the U.S. military as a biological weapon."<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2015 |title=North Korea bans foreigners from Pyongyang marathon over Ebola |work=BBC News Online |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31581935 |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224061401/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31581935 |archive-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

===Literature===
[[Richard Preston]]'s 1995 [[best-selling]] book, ''[[The Hot Zone]]'', dramatised the Ebola outbreak in Reston, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Preston R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6BKpf2tSkoC |title=The Hot Zone, A Terrifying True Story |publisher=Anchor Books |year=1995 |isbn=978-0385479561 |oclc=32052009 |author-link=Richard Preston |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513222825/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6BKpf2tSkoC |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1995 |title=Best Sellers: 4 June 1995 |work=[[The New York Times Book Review]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/04/books/best-sellers-june-4-1995.html |access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About The Hot Zone |url= http://www.randomhouse.com/features/richardpreston/bookshelf/hz.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141007011934/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/richardpreston/bookshelf/hz.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=10 September 2014 |publisher=Random House}}</ref>

[[William Close]]'s 1995 ''Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion''<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Close WT  |url=https://archive.org/details/eboladocumentary00clos |title=Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion |publisher=[[Ivy Books]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0804114325 |location=New York |oclc=32753758 |author-link=William Close |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Grove R |date=2 June 2006 |title=More about the people than the virus |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ebola-documentary-novel-first-explosion/dp/B007HEJSE6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021075254/http://www.amazon.com/Ebola-documentary-novel-first-explosion/dp/B007HEJSE6 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Review of Close, William T., Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion}}</ref> and 2002 ''Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People'' focused on individuals' reactions to the 1976 Ebola outbreak in Zaire.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Close WT |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX0gAQAAIAAJ |title=Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People |publisher=Meadowlark Springs Productions |year=2002 |isbn=978-0970337115 |location=Marbleton, Wyoming |oclc=49193962 |author-link=William Close |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617210838/https://books.google.com/books?id=BX0gAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Pink B |date=24 June 2008 |title=A fascinating perspective |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ebola-Through-William-T-Close/product-reviews/0970337116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021075312/http://www.amazon.com/Ebola-Through-William-T-Close/product-reviews/0970337116 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Review of Close, William T., Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People}}</ref>

[[Tom Clancy]]'s 1996 novel, ''[[Executive Orders]]'', involves a [[Middle East]]ern terrorist attack on the United States using an airborne form of a deadly Ebola virus strain named "Ebola Mayinga" (see [[Mayinga N'Seka]]).<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Clancy T |url=https://archive.org/details/executiveorders00clan |title=Executive Orders |publisher=Putnam |year=1996 |isbn=978-0399142185 |location=New York |oclc=34878804 |author-link=Tom Clancy |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Stone O |author-link=Oliver Stone |date=2 September 1996 |title=Who's That in the Oval Office? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/17/bsp/20141.html |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410091107/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/17/bsp/20141.html |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

As the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa developed in 2014, a number of popular self-published and well-reviewed books containing sensational and misleading information about the disease appeared in electronic and printed formats. The authors of some such books admitted that they lacked medical credentials and were not technically qualified to give medical advice. The World Health Organization and the United Nations stated that such misinformation had contributed to the spread of the disease.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Dewey C |date=2 October 2014 |title=Popular on Amazon: Wildly misleading self-published books about Ebola, by random people without medical degrees |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/02/popular-on-amazon-wildly-misleading-self-published-books-about-ebola-by-random-people-without-medical-degrees/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022174054/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/02/popular-on-amazon-wildly-misleading-self-published-books-about-ebola-by-random-people-without-medical-degrees/ |archive-date=22 October 2014}}</ref>