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Do not fill this in! === Growth and redevelopment === {{See also|City Beautiful movement}} [[File:Army Headquarters in Washington - State, War, and Navy Building, c. 1888 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]], built between 1871 and 1888, was the world's largest office building until 1943, when it was surpassed by [[The Pentagon]].]] By 1870, the district's population had grown 75% in a decade to nearly 132,000 people,<ref name="histpop">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2002/demo/POP-twps0056.pdf|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |date=September 13, 2002 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804230047/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab23.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref> yet the city still lacked paved roads and basic sanitation. Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital farther west, but President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] refused to consider the proposal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bordewich |first=Fergus M. |title=Washington: the making of the American capital |year=2008 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-084238-3 |page=272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKKMJ7Rqta8C |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234220/https://books.google.com/books?id=kKKMJ7Rqta8C |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871|Organic Act of 1871]], Congress repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]], abolished [[Washington County, D.C.|Washington County]], and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=016/llsl016.db&recNum=0454 |work=Statutes at Large, 41st Congress, 3rd Session |access-date=July 10, 2011 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120224357/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=016%2Fllsl016.db&recNum=0454 |url-status=live }}</ref> These steps made "the city of Washington...legally indistinguishable from the District of Columbia."<ref name="Tikkanen-2023" /> In 1873, President Grant appointed [[Alexander Robey Shepherd]] as Governor of the District of Columbia. Shepherd authorized large projects that modernized the city but bankrupted its government. In 1874, Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three-member board of commissioners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilcox |first=Delos Franklin|author-link=Delos Franklin Wilcox |title=Great cities in America: their problems and their government |year=1910 |publisher=The Macmillan Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatcitiesinam00wilcgoog/page/n43 27]β30 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatcitiesinam00wilcgoog}}</ref> In 1888, the city's [[streetcars in Washington, D.C.|first motorized streetcars]] began service. Their introduction generated growth in areas of the district beyond the City of Washington's original boundaries, leading to an expansion of the district over the next few decades.<ref name=neighborhoods>{{cite book |title=Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation's Capital |year=2010 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9353-7 |pages=1β11 |edition=2 |editor=Kathryn Schneider Smith}}</ref> Georgetown's street grid and other administrative details were formally merged with those of the City of Washington in 1895.<ref name=Tindall>{{cite book |last=Tindall |first=William |title=Origin and government of the District of Columbia |year=1907 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/origingovernment02tind/page/26 26]β28 |url=https://archive.org/details/origingovernment02tind}}</ref> However, the city had poor housing and strained public works, leading it to become the first city in the nation to undergo [[urban renewal]] projects as part of the [[City Beautiful movement]] in the early 20th century.<ref name=ramroth>{{cite book |last=Ramroth |first=William |title=Planning for Disaster |year=2007 |publisher=Kaplan |isbn=978-1-4195-9373-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/planningfordisas0000ramr/page/91 91]| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgTpVyDyWDIC |chapter=The City Beautiful Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/planningfordisas0000ramr/page/91}}</ref> The City Beautiful movement built heavily upon the already-implemented [[L'Enfant Plan]], with the new [[McMillan Plan]] leading urban development in the city throughout the movement. Much of the old [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[National Mall|Mall]] was replaced with modern [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Beaux-Arts architecture]]; these designs are still prevalent in the city's governmental buildings today. Increased federal spending under the [[New Deal]] in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings, memorials, and museums in the district,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gelernter |first=Mark |title=History of American Architecture |year=2001 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4727-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCe8AAAAIAAJ |page=248 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234845/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCe8AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> though the chairman of the House Subcommittee on District Appropriations, [[Ross A. Collins]] of [[Mississippi]], justified cuts to funds for welfare and education for local residents by saying that "my constituents wouldn't stand for spending money on niggers."<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=feb5BE4wvq4C&dq=constituents%20wouldn't%20stand%20for%20spending%20money%20on%20niggers.&pg=PA94 Home Rule or House Rule? Congress and the Erosion of Local Governance in the District of Columbia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813155247/https://books.google.com/books?id=feb5BE4wvq4C&lpg=PA94&dq=constituents%20wouldn%27t%20stand%20for%20spending%20money%20on%20niggers.&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA94 |date=August 13, 2021 }}'' by [[Michael K. Fauntroy]], [[University Press of America]], 2003 at [[Google Books]], page 94</ref> [[World War II]] led to an expansion of federal employees in the city;<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Paul Kelsey |title=Washington, D.C.: the World War II years |year=2004 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-1636-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtVIlFGursEC |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000441/https://books.google.com/books?id=GtVIlFGursEC |url-status=live }}</ref> by 1950, the district's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents.<ref name="histpop" /> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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