Vanderbilt University

===1920s through World War II===

[[File:Furman_Hall_Postcard.png|thumb|right|Postcard of Furman Hall, built circa 1930]]
[[File:Furman Hall.png|thumb|right|Furman Hall in 2022]]
In the 1920s and 1930s, Vanderbilt University hosted two partly overlapping groups of scholars who had a large impact on American thought and letters: the [[Fugitives (poets)|Fugitives]] and the [[Southern Agrarians|Agrarians]].<ref name="Carey" /> Meanwhile, [[Frank C. Rand]], who served as the President and later Chairman of the [[Furniture Brands International|International Shoe Company]], donated US$150,000 to the university in 1925;<ref name="randhalestrongandallied16">{{cite book |last=Hale Rand |first=Nettie |date=1940 |title=Rand-Hale, Strong and Allied Families: A Genealogical Study with the Autobiography of Nettie Hale Rand |location= New York City |publisher= The American Historical Company, Inc. |pages= 15–20}}</ref> Rand Hall was subsequently named for him.

In 1928, the construction of three more buildings was completed: Garland Hall, named for Chancellor Landon Garland; Buttrick Hall, named for Wallace Buttrick of the [[General Education Board]]; and Calhoun Hall, named for [[William Henry Calhoun]], a silversmith and Odd Fellows Grand Master.<ref name="tennesseanbuildingsbear">{{cite news|title=Buildings Bear Leaders' Names. Garland, Buttrick and Calhoun To Be Honored at Vanderbilt.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/178879089/?terms=%22william%2Bhenry%2Bcalhoun%22|work=The Tennessean|date=March 25, 1928|page=7|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=registration }}</ref>

In 1933, the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]] donated $50,000 (roughly $925,166 in 2015 dollars<ref name="Inflation">{{cite web|title=The Inflation Calculator|url=http://www.westegg.com/inflation/|access-date=May 18, 2016  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718031608/http://www.westegg.com/inflation/|archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref>) for the construction of [[Confederate Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University|Confederate Memorial Hall]], designed by architect [[Henry C. Hibbs]].<ref name="confederatesdefeatvanderbilt">{{cite news |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=May 5, 2005 |title=Confederates Defeat Vanderbilt: Appeals court says university must pay – if it wants to change controversial name of a dormitory. |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/05/05/vanderbilt |newspaper=Inside Higher Ed |access-date=November 21, 2015 }}</ref> It was completed in 1935.<ref name="confederatesdefeatvanderbilt" />

In the 1930s, [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] and his colleagues in the [[Vanderbilt University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] invented methods for cultivating [[virus]]es and [[rickettsiae]] in fertilized chicken eggs.<ref name=GoodpastureObit>"Obituary (AP): Dr. Ernest Goodpasture Dead; Developed Vaccine for Mumps: Pathologist's Chicken Embryo Virus Led to Immunization Against Many Diseases". ''New York Times''; September 22, 1960; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: pg. 27.</ref> This work made possible the production of [[vaccine]]s against [[chicken pox]], [[smallpox]], [[yellow fever]], [[typhus]], [[Rocky mountain spotted fever]] and other diseases caused by agents that only propagate in living cells.<ref name=GoodpastureObit /> [[Alfred Blalock]], Professor of Surgery, and his assistant [[Vivian Thomas]] identified a decrease in blood volume and fluid loss outside the vascular bed as a key factor in [[traumatic shock]] and pioneered the use of replacement fluids for its treatment.<ref name="McCabe">McCabe, Katie [http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/stlm/article.doc "Like Something the Lord Made."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212085552/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/stlm/article.doc |date=February 12, 2012 }} ''The Washingtonian'', 1999.</ref> This treatment saved countless lives in World War II,<ref name="McCabe" /> during which Vanderbilt was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="list-of-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/115-8thND/115-8ND-23.html |title=U.S. Naval Administration in World War II |publisher=HyperWar Foundation |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

German [[Biophysics|biophysicist]] [[Max Delbrück]] joined the Department of Physics in 1940, and in the following year, he met Italian microbiologist [[Salvador Luria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Max Delbruck at Vanderbilt|url=https://as.vanderbilt.edu/physics/delbruck/index.php|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Department of Physics and Astronomy|language=en}}</ref> In 1942, they published on [[bacteria]]l resistance to [[virus]] infection mediated by random [[mutation]]. The culminating [[Luria–Delbrück experiment]], also called the Fluctuation Test, demonstrated that [[Natural selection|Darwin's theory of natural selection]] acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. The 1969 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] was awarded to both scientists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1969/delbruck/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

Shortly after the war, from 1945 to 1947, researchers at Vanderbilt University conducted an experiment funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] where they gave 800 pregnant women [[Isotopes of iron|radioactive iron]]<ref name=radioactiveiron>Pacchioli, David, (March 1996) [http://www.rps.psu.edu/mar96/science.html "Subjected to Science"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110005232/http://www.rps.psu.edu/mar96/science.html |date=January 10, 2013 }}, ''Research/Penn State'', Vol. 17, no. 1</ref><ref name="experimentsubjectstoget">{{cite news|title=Experiment subjects to get $10.3 million from university|first=Karin|last=Miller |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/90207291/?terms=%22vanderbilt%2Buniversity%22%2B%22radioactive%22 |newspaper=The Santa Cruz Sentinel |location=Santa Cruz, California |date=July 28, 1998 |page=7 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = October 12, 2015 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="1940sstudygave">{{cite news|title=1940s study gave radioactive pills to 751 pregnant women |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/19705619/?terms=%22vanderbilt%2Buniversity%22%2B%22radioactive%22 |newspaper=The Galveston Daily News|location=Galveston, Texas |date=December 21, 1993 |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = October 12, 2015 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> without their consent.<ref name="experimentsubjectstoget" /><ref name="1940sstudygave" /> In a lawsuit the women received $9.1 million from Vanderbilt University and $900,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1998.<ref name="experimentsubjectstoget" />

[[File:CorneliusVanderbiltStatue.JPG|thumb|right|Main Campus, looking toward West End Avenue]]