Texas

===Republic===
{{main|Texas Revolution|Convention of 1836|Texas Declaration of Independence|Treaties of Velasco|Republic of Texas}}
Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary [[Texians]] formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huson |first=Hobart |title=Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution|publisher=Von Boeckmann-Jones Co. |year=1974 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4}}</ref> The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the [[Battle of Gonzales]].{{sfnp|Hardin|1994|p=12}} This launched the [[Texas Revolution]]. Texians elected delegates to the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation]], which created a provisional government.{{sfnp|Winders|2004|p=72}} The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.<ref>{{harvp|Winders|2004|pp=90, 92}}{{harvp|Hardin|1994|p=109}}</ref>
[[File:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg|thumb|''Surrender of Santa Anna''. Painting by William Henry Huddle, 1886.]]

Mexican President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] personally led an army to end the revolt.{{sfnp|Hardin|1994|p=102}} General [[José de Urrea]] defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the [[Goliad massacre]].<ref>{{Cite Handbook of Texas |last=Roell |first=Craig H. |title=Coleto, Battle of |orig-year=June 12, 2010 |date=July 12, 2016 |id=qec01}}</ref> López de Santa Anna's forces, after a [[Siege of the Alamo|thirteen-day siege]], overwhelmed Texian defenders at the [[Battle of the Alamo]]. News of the defeats sparked panic among Texas settlers.{{sfnp|Todish|Todish|Spring|1998|p=68}}
[[File:Wpdms republic of texas.svg|thumb|right|The [[Republic of Texas]] with present-day borders superimposed]]

The newly elected Texian delegates to the [[Convention of 1836]] quickly signed a [[Texas Declaration of Independence|declaration of independence]] on March 2, forming the [[Republic of Texas]]. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.<ref name=roberts144>Roberts and Olson (2001), p. 144.</ref> The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the [[Runaway Scrape]], fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.{{sfnp|Todish|Todish|Spring|1998|p=68}}

After several weeks of retreat, the [[Texian Army]] commanded by [[Sam Houston]] attacked and defeated López de Santa Anna's forces at the [[Battle of San Jacinto]].{{sfnp|Todish|Todish|Spring|1998|p=69}} López de Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the [[Treaties of Velasco]], ending the war.{{sfnp|Todish|Todish|Spring|1998|p=70}} The [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]] prohibited the government from restricting slavery or freeing slaves, and required free people of African descent to leave the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarlton Law Library: Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836): General Provisions|url=https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/republic-texas-1836/general-provisions|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=tarlton.law.utexas.edu |quote=No free person of African descent, either in whole or in part, shall be permitted to reside permanently in the Republic, without the consent of Congress, and the importation or admission of Africans or negroes into this Republic, excepting from the United States of America, is forever prohibited, and declared to be piracy.}}</ref>

Political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], and the expansion of the Republic to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the [[Texas Archive War]].<ref name="archivewar">{{cite web |title=The Archives War |website=Texas Treasures- The Republic |publisher=The Texas State Library and Archives Commission |date=November 2, 2005 |url=https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/republic/archwar/archwar.html |access-date=January 3, 2009 |archive-date=January 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107025915/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/republic/archwar/archwar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> With wide popular support, Texas first applied for annexation to the United States in 1836, but its status as a slaveholding country caused its admission to be controversial and it was initially rebuffed. This status, and Mexican diplomacy in support of its claims to the territory, also complicated Texas's ability to form foreign alliances and trade relationships.<ref name="seeds">{{cite book |title=Seeds of Empire: Cotton, Slavery, and the Transformation of the Texas Borderlands, 1800–1850 |year=2015 |isbn=978-1469624242 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |author=Andrew J. Torget}}</ref>

The [[Comanche]] Indians furnished the main Native American opposition to the Texas Republic, manifested in multiple [[Comanche Wars|raids on settlements]].<ref>This had also been their policy toward neighboring tribes before the arrival of the settlers.
{{cite book|last=Gwinnett|first=S.C.|title=Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History|isbn=978-1-4165-9106-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsummermo00gwyn|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the [[Dawson massacre]]. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.<ref name="Calvert">{{cite book|last1=Calvert|first1=Robert A.|last2=León|first2=Arnoldo De|last3=Cantrell|first3=Gregg|title=The History of Texas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mS5NPwAACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=2002|publisher=Harlan Davidson|isbn=978-0-88295-966-5}}</ref> The cotton price crash of the 1840s depressed the country's economy.<ref name="seeds" />