Racial segregation

=== Colonial societies ===

====Belgian Congo====
{{Main|Belgian Congo#Social inequality and racial discrimination }}

From 1952, and even more so after the triumphant visit of [[Baudouin of Belgium|King Baudouin]] to the colony in 1955, Governor-General [[Léon Pétillon]] (1952–1958) worked to create a "Belgian-Congolese community", in which Black and White people were to be treated as equals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pétillon |first=L. A. M. |title=Témoignage et réflexions |publisher=Renaissance du Livre |year=1967 |location=Brussels}}</ref> Regardless, [[anti-miscegenation laws]] remained in place, and between 1959 and 1962 thousands of mixed-race Congolese children were forcibly deported from the Congo by the Belgian government and the [[Catholic Church]] and taken to Belgium.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paravicini |first=Giulia |date=4 April 2019 |title=Belgium apologizes for colonial-era abduction of mixed-race children |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-congo/belgium-apologizes-for-colonial-era-abduction-of-mixed-race-children-idUSKCN1RG2NF |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

==== French Algeria ====

{{Main|French Algeria#Discrimination}}
{{See also|Indigénat|Assimilation (French colonialism)}}

Following its conquest of [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] controlled [[Algeria]] in 1830, for well over a century, France maintained [[French colonial empires|colonial rule]] in the territory which has been described as "quasi-[[apartheid]]".<ref name="Bell">{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=David Scott |title=Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2000 |page=36 |quote=Algeria was in fact a colony but constitutionally was a part of France and not thought of in the 1950s (even by many on the left) as a colony. It was a society of nine million or so 'Muslim' Algerians who were dominated by the million settlers of diverse origins (but fiercely French) who maintained a quasi-apartheid regime}}</ref> The colonial law of 1865 allowed Arab and [[Berbers|Berber]] Algerians to apply for [[French nationality law|French citizenship]] only if they abandoned their [[Islam in Algeria|Muslim]] identity; Azzedine Haddour argues that this established "the formal structures of a political apartheid".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debra Kelly |title=Autobiography And Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2005 |page=43 |quote=...[the] ''senatus-consulte'' of 1865 stipulated that all the colonised indigenous were under French jurisdiction, i.e., French nationals subjected to French laws, but it restricted citizenship only to those who renounced their Muslim religion and culture. There was an obvious split in French legal discourse: a split between nationality and citizenship which established the formal structures of political apartheid encouraging the existence of 'French subjects' disenfranchised, without any citizenship rights, treated as objects of French law and not citizens}}</ref> Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria.<ref name="Bonora-Waisman">{{Cite book |last=Bonora-Waisman |first=Camille |title=France and the Algerian Conflict: Issues in Democracy and Political Stability, 1988–1995 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2003 |page=3 |quote=In contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates, Algeria was made an integral part of France and became a colony of settlement for more than one million Europeans... under colonial rule, Algerians encountered France's 'civilising mission' only through the plundering of lands and colonial apartheid society...}}</ref>

This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the [[Toussaint Rouge|1954 insurrection]] and ensuing [[Algerian War|independence war]].<ref name="Wall">{{Cite book |last=Wall |first=Irwin M. |title=France, the United States, and the Algerian War |publisher=University of California Press |year=2001 |page=262 |quote=As a settler colony with an internal system of apartheid, administered under the fiction that it was part of metropolitan France, and endowed with a powerful colonial lobby that virtually determined the course of French politics with respect to its internal affairs, it experienced insurrection in 1954 on the part of its Muslim population}}</ref>

==== Rhodesia ====
{{Further|Land reform in Zimbabwe#Creation of the Tribal Trust Lands|l1 = South Rhodesia Land Apportionment Act}}
[[File:Rhodesialand.png|thumb|Land apportionment in Rhodesia in 1965]]

The [[Land Apportionment Act of 1930]] passed in [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now known as [[Zimbabwe]]) was a segregationist measure that governed land allocation and acquisition in rural areas, making distinctions between Blacks and Whites.<ref>{{Cite book |last=JENNINGS |first=A. C. |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100934 |title=LAND APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA, African Affairs |date=July 1935 |volume=XXXIV |pages=296–312 |issue=CXXXVI|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100934 }}</ref>

One highly publicised legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a new theatre that was to be open to all races; the proposed unsegregated [[public toilet]]s at the newly built [[Reps Theatre]] in 1959 caused an argument called [[Reps Theatre#"The Battle of the Toilets"|"The Battle of the Toilets"]].

==== Uganda ====
{{Further|Expulsion of Asians from Uganda}}
[[File:Idi Amin -Archives New Zealand AAWV 23583, KIRK1, 5(B), R23930288.jpg|thumb|upright|Idi Amin, pictured shortly after the expulsion]]

After the end of British rule in 1962, Indian people living in Uganda existed in segregated ethnic communities with their own schools and healthcare. <ref name="Journal of Modern African Studies">{{harvnb|Jamal|1976}}.</ref> Indians constituted 1% of the population but earned a fifth of the national income and controlled 90% of the country's businesses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.aliran.com/thinking-allowed-online/idi-amins-expulsion-of-asians-in-1972-devastated-ugandas-economy | title=Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians in 1972 pummelled Uganda's economy | date=14 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theconversation.com/taking-stock-of-ugandas-economy-55-years-after-independence-85238 | title=Taking stock of Uganda's economy 55 years after independence | date=8 October 2017 }}</ref>

In 1972, the [[President of Uganda]] [[Idi Amin]] ordered the expulsion of the country's Indian minority with disastrous consequences for the local economy. The government confiscated some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates, along with cars, homes and other household goods.<ref name="Jørgensen1981">{{harvnb|Jørgensen|1981|pp=285–290}}.</ref>