Personality

==Cross-cultural studies==
There has been some recent debate over the subject of studying personality in a different culture. Some people think that personality comes entirely from culture and therefore there can be no meaningful study in cross-culture study. On the other hand, many believe that some elements are shared by all cultures and an effort is being made to demonstrate the cross-cultural applicability of "the Big Five".<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Funder |first=David C. |date=February 2001 |title=Personality |journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=197–221 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.197 |pmid=11148304}}</ref>

Cross-cultural assessment depends on the universality of personality traits, which is whether there are common traits among humans regardless of culture or other factors. If there is a common foundation of personality, then it can be studied on the basis of human traits rather than within certain cultures. This can be measured by comparing whether assessment tools are measuring similar constructs across countries or cultures. Two approaches to researching personality are looking at emic and etic traits. Emic traits are constructs unique to each culture, which are determined by local customs, thoughts, beliefs, and characteristics. Etic traits are considered universal constructs, which establish traits that are evident across cultures that represent a biological basis of human personality.<ref>McCrae, R.R., & Allik, I.U. (2002). The five-factor model of personality across cultures. Springer Science & Business Media.{{pn|date=December 2019}}</ref> If personality traits are unique to the individual culture, then different traits should be apparent in different cultures. However, the idea that personality traits are universal across cultures is supported by establishing the Five-Factor Model of personality across multiple translations of the NEO-PI-R, which is one of the most widely used personality measures.<ref name="McCrae, R. R. 1997">{{Cite journal |last1=McCrae |first1=Robert R. |last2=Costa |first2=Paul T. |date=1997 |title=Personality trait structure as a human universal. |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231466 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=509–516 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509|pmid=9145021 |s2cid=19598824 }}</ref> When administering the NEO-PI-R to 7,134 people across six languages, the results show a similar pattern of the same five underlying constructs that are found in the American factor structure.<ref name="McCrae, R. R. 1997" />

Similar results were found using the Big Five Inventory (BFI), as it was administered in 56 nations across 28 languages. The five factors continued to be supported both conceptually and statistically across major regions of the world, suggesting that these underlying factors are common across cultures.<ref name="Schmitt, D. P. 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Schmitt |first1=David P. |last2=Allik |first2=Jüri |last3=McCrae |first3=Robert R. |last4=Benet-Martínez |first4=Verónica |date=26 July 2016 |title=The Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits |url=http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/ulima/2395 |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=173–212 |doi=10.1177/0022022106297299|hdl=20.500.12724/2395 |s2cid=86619840 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> There are some differences across culture, but they may be a consequence of using a lexical approach to study personality structures, as language has limitations in translation and different cultures have unique words to describe emotion or situations.<ref name="McCrae, R. R. 1997" /> Differences across cultures could be due to real cultural differences, but they could also be consequences of poor translations, biased sampling, or differences in response styles across cultures.<ref name="Schmitt, D. P. 2007" /> Examining personality questionnaires developed within a culture can also be useful evidence for the universality of traits across cultures, as the same underlying factors can still be found.<ref name="Church, A. T. 2000">{{Cite journal |last=Church |first=A. Timothy |date=August 2000 |title=Culture and Personality: Toward an Integrated Cultural Trait Psychology |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=651–703 |doi=10.1111/1467-6494.00112 |pmid=10934686}}</ref> Results from several European and Asian studies have found overlapping dimensions with the Five-Factor Model as well as additional culture-unique dimensions.<ref name="Church, A. T. 2000" /> Finding similar factors across cultures provides support for the universality of personality trait structure, but more research is necessary to gain stronger support.<ref name="McCrae, R. R. 1997" />

Culture is an important factor in shaping the personality of individuals. Psychologists have found that cultural norms, beliefs, and practices shape the way people interact and behave with others, which can impact personality development (Cheung et al., 2011).

Studies have identified cultural differences in personality traits such as extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, indicating that culture influences personality development (Allik & McCrae, 2004). For example, Western cultures value individualism, independence, and assertiveness, which are reflected in personality traits such as extraversion. In contrast, Eastern cultures value collectivism, cooperation, and social harmony, which are reflected in personality traits such as agreeableness (Cheung et al., 2011).