Pennsylvania

===19th century===
{{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War|Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg Address|Industrial Revolution in the United States}}
[[File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], fought July 1–3, 1863 in [[Gettysburg Battlefield|Gettysburg]], was the Civil War's [[List of costliest American Civil War land battles|deadliest battle]] but also is widely considered the [[Turning point of the American Civil War|war's turning point]] in the [[Union Army|Union's]] ultimate victory. The battle is depicted in this 1887 [[Thure de Thulstrup]] painting, ''Battle of Gettysburg''.]]
[[File:Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg|thumb|On November 19, 1863, [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]] (center, facing camera) arrived in [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Gettysburg]] and delivered the [[Gettysburg Address]], considered one of the best-known speeches in American history.<ref name="Conant 2015 ix2">{{cite book |last=Conant |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022745-6 |location=New York |page=ix}}</ref><ref name="Holsinger 1999 1022">{{cite book |last=Holsinger |first=M. Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4AOVHkJ9oC&pg=PA102 |title=War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-29908-7 |location=Westport, CT |page=102}}</ref>]]
The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] met in the old [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] Court House until December 1821<ref name="legiscap2" /> when the [[Federal architecture|Federal]]-style Hills Capitol, named for Lancaster architect [[Stephen Hills]], was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] by the son and namesake of [[John Harris, Sr.]], a [[Yorkshire]] native who founded a trading post and ferry on the east shore of the [[Susquehanna River]] in 1705.<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |title=History of John Harris |url=http://www.angelfire.com/on/Canadiangenealogy/harris.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408203618/http://www.angelfire.com/on/Canadiangenealogy/harris.html |archive-date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Mrs. Carlyle C. Browne (descendant of Sarah Ann Harris, fifth daughter of Alfred Bingham Harris, and granddaughter of Elisha John Harris of the Mansion, Harrisburg PA, USA)}}</ref> The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty [[flue]].<ref name="legiscap2" />

The General Assembly met at a nearby [[Methodism|Methodist Church]] until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest that some alleged had been rigged, [[Chicago]] architect [[Henry Ives Cobb]] was asked to design and build a replacement building. However, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project. When  they dubbed the roughly finished somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete, the General Assembly refused to occupy the building. In 1901, political and popular indignation prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects; [[Joseph Miller Huston]] of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] that incorporated Cobb's building into a magnificent public work, finished and dedicated in 1907.<ref name="legiscap2" />

[[James Buchanan]], a [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin County]] native, served as the 15th U.S. president and was the first president to be born in Pennsylvania.<ref name="jimbo2">{{cite web |title=James Buchanan White House biography |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803013954/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html |archive-date=August 3, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the major turning point of the [[American Civil War]], took place near [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]] in July 1863.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Gettysburg |url=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114202108/http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg |archive-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref> An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the [[Union Army]] forces, including 8,600 African American [[military volunteer]]s.

The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by the financially conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-aligned [[Cameron machine]], established by  [[Simon Cameron|U.S. Senator Simon Cameron]],<ref name="chapter12">[https://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=1 Chapter One: 1. Pennsylvania's Bosses and Political Machines]. ''ExplorePAHistory.com''. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</ref> later the [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] under [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]]. Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron's son [[J. Donald Cameron]], whose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to the more shrewd [[Matthew Quay]] and finally to [[Boies Penrose]].

The post-Civil War era, known as the [[Gilded Age]], saw the continued rise of industry in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. [[Andrew Carnegie]] founded the [[Carnegie Steel Company]] in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Charles M. Schwab]] founded [[Bethlehem Steel]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]. Other titans of industry, including [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[Jay Gould]], also operated in Pennsylvania. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. [[oil industry]] was born in [[Western Pennsylvania]], which supplied the vast majority of [[kerosene]] for years thereafter. As the [[Pennsylvania oil rush]] developed, Pennsylvania's oil boom towns, such as [[Titusville, Pennsylvania|Titusville]], rose and later fell. Coal mining, primarily in the state's [[Coal Region]] in the northeast region of the state, also was a major industry for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1903, [[Milton S. Hershey]] began construction on a chocolate factory in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania]]; [[The Hershey Company]] grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. [[Heinz Company]] was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as [[Henry Demarest Lloyd]] put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller "had done everything with the Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".<ref name="NCBB2">{{cite web |title=Chapter 2: Pennsylvania Under the Reign of Big Business |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=2 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |website=Explore PAHistory.com |publisher=WITF}}</ref> Pennsylvania created a Department of Highways and engaged in a vast program of road-building, while railroads continued to see heavy usage.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The growth of industry eventually provided middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions also led to a rise of [[union busting]] with several private police forces springing up.<ref name="NCBB2" /> Pennsylvania was the location of the first documented organized strike in North America, and Pennsylvania was the location of two hugely prominent strikes, the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]] and the [[Coal Strike of 1902]]. The eight-hour day was eventually adopted, and the coal and iron police were banned.<ref name="LSO2">{{cite web |title=Overview: Labor's Struggle to Organize |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-22 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |website=Explore PAHistory.com |publisher=WITF}}</ref>