New York City

=== English rule ===
{{Main|Province of New York|History of New York City (1665–1783)}}
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 | image1    = The fall of New Amsterdam cph.3g12217.jpg
 | caption1  = ''[[The Fall of New Amsterdam]]'' by [[Jean Leon Gerome Ferris]], part of the [[Conquest of New Netherland]]

 | image2    = A_view_of_Fort_George_with_the_city_of_New_York,_from_the_SW.jpg
 | caption2  = [[Fort Amsterdam|Fort George]] and New York with British Navy [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]] {{Circa|1731}}

}}

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel [[Richard Nicolls]], without bloodshed.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant" /><ref name="nnistuyvesant" /> The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.<ref name="lehrmanstuyvesant">{{cite web |title = The surrender of New Netherland, 1664 |url = http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-settlements/resources/surrender-new-netherland-1664 |access-date = July 11, 2016 |publisher = [[Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]] }}</ref>

In 1667, during negotiations leading to the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]] after the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now [[Suriname]] on the northern South American coast, which they had gained from the English;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Breda |title = Treaty of Breda |encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date = July 10, 2016 }}</ref> and in return, the English kept New Amsterdam. The fledgling settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).<ref>{{cite book |last = Homberger |first = Eric |title = The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |publisher = Owl Books |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-8050-7842-8 |page = 34 }}</ref> After the founding, the duke gave part of the colony to proprietors [[George Carteret]] and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]]. [[Fort Orange]], {{convert|150|mi|km}} north on the Hudson River, was renamed [[Albany, New York|Albany]] after James's Scottish title.<ref>{{cite book |last = Miller |first = John |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=McEJCAAAQBAJ |title = James II (The English Monarchs Series) |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-300-08728-4 |pages = 44–45 }}</ref>

On August 24, 1673, during the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], [[Anthony Colve]] of the Dutch navy [[Dutch Raid on North America|seized New York from the English]] at the behest of [[Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest]] and rechristened it "New Orange" after [[William III of England|William&nbsp;III]], the [[Prince of Orange]].<ref name="Roper2017">{{cite book |first = L. H. |last = Roper |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i8wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |title = Advancing Empire |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-107-11891-1 |page = 215 }}</ref> The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] of November 1674.<ref>{{cite news |last = Van Luling |first = Todd |date = April 17, 2014 |title = 8 Things Even New Yorkers Don't Know About New York City |work = [[HuffPost]] |url = https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/new-york-history-facts_n_5107337.html |access-date = September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Peter |last = Douglas |title = The Man Who Took Back New Netherland |url = http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/2813/5680/0659/Man_Who_Took_Back_NN.pdf |access-date = July 11, 2016 |publisher = [[New Netherland Institute]] |archive-date = July 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220708102432/http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/2813/5680/0659/Man_Who_Took_Back_NN.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some [[epidemic]]s brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.penntreatymuseum.org/americans.php |title = Native Americans |publisher = Penn Treaty Museum |access-date = October 29, 2021 }}</ref> By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.<ref>[http://www.gothamcenter.org/ "Gotham Center for New York City History"] Timeline 1700–1800</ref> New York experienced several [[yellow fever]] epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.<ref>{{cite web |first = Pedro |last = Nogueira |url = http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=yellow_fever_symposium |title = The Early History of Yellow Fever (PDF) |publisher = [[Thomas Jefferson University]] |year = 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/fever-timeline-yellow-fever-america/ |title = Timeline – Yellow Fever in America |publisher = [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) |access-date = October 30, 2021 }}</ref>

In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a [[port|trading port]] while as a part of the [[Province of New York|colony of New York]].<ref name="Foote2004">{{cite book |first = Thelma Wills |last = Foote |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu4VfJPRsl4C&pg=PA68 |title = Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]], US |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-19-508809-0 |page = 68 }}</ref> It became a center of [[Slavery in the colonial United States|slavery]], with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Oltman |first = Adele |date = October 24, 2005 |title = The Hidden History of Slavery in New York |url = http://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york# |journal = [[The Nation]] |access-date = July 9, 2013 |archive-date = November 30, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191130043006/https://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Most cases were that of [[House slave|domestic slavery]]; others were hired out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the [[Southern United States|American South]]. During construction in [[Foley Square]] in the 1990s, the [[African Burying Ground]] was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 of graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.<ref name="AsanteMazama2005">{{cite book |first1 = Molefi Kete |last1 = Asante |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA33 |title = Encyclopedia of Black Studies |first2 = Ama |last2 = Mazama |first3 = Marie-José |last3 = Cérol |publisher = [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-7619-2762-4 |page = 33 }}</ref>

The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of [[John Peter Zenger]], who had been accused of [[seditious libel]] after criticizing [[List of colonial governors of New York|colonial governor]] [[William Cosby]], helped to establish [[freedom of the press]] in [[North America]].<ref name="zenger">{{cite web |last = Linder |first = Doug |year = 2001 |title = The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account |url = http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zengeraccount.html |publisher = [[University of Missouri–Kansas City]] |access-date = October 30, 2021 }}</ref> In 1754, [[Columbia University]] was founded under charter by [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |last = Moore |first = Nathaniel Fish |url = https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog |title = An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876 |publisher = [[Columbia University]] |year = 1876 |page = [https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog/page/n14 8] }}</ref>