Mozambican Civil War

==== FRELIMO dissidents ====

Soon after independence, FRELIMO begun Mozambique's transformation into a socialist one-party-state. This was accompanied by crackdowns on dissidents and the nationalisation of important economic facilities abandoned by fleeing Portuguese.<ref name="jpires.org"/> Numerous political parties sprung up virtually overnight and vied for power with FRELIMO. Many of these parties like [[COREMO]] and UNAR were made up of FRELIMO dissidents such as [[Uria Simango]] and Lazaro Nkavandame. Both men were arrested and convicted in a public trial before [[Samora Machel]] before being sent to re-education camps. Simango was reportedly later extrajudicially executed<ref>''Mozambique: the tortuous road to democracy'' by J. Cabrita, Macmillan, 2001. {{ISBN|9780333920015}}</ref> whilst Nkavandame reportedly died of natural causes.

Furthermore, the nationalisation of many formerly Portuguese-owned enterprises, fear of a retaliation against whites, and an ultimatum to either accept Mozambican citizenship or leave the country within 90 days, drove the majority of the 370,000 [[Portuguese Mozambicans|white Portuguese Mozambicans]] out of the country. As the Portuguese left some purposefully sabotaged the economy, stealing profits from factories, driving tractors into the sea and pouring cement into sewers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Portuguese exodus resulted in economic chaos as only few Africans had received higher education or even primary education under Portuguese rule with over 95% of the population illiterate.<ref>Mario Mouzinho ''Literacy in Mozambique: education for all challenges'' UNESCO, 2006</ref><ref name="jpires.org"/>