Minneapolis Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Social tension === {{main|List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest}} In many ways, the 20th century was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=71}} Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor [[A. A. Ames|Doc Ames]] made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902 according to historian Iric Nathanson.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=41–47}} [[Lincoln Steffens]] published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.<ref>{{cite news |title = Goodwin's 'The Bully Pulpit' spotlights the Shame of Minneapolis |url = https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2013/12/goodwin-s-bully-pulpit-spotlights-shame-minneapolis/ |date = December 2, 2013 |last1 = Nathanson |first1 = Iric |work = [[MinnPost]] |access-date = December 10, 2020 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817022104/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2013/12/goodwin-s-bully-pulpit-spotlights-shame-minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Ku Klux Klan]] was a force in the city from 1921{{sfn|Hatle|Vaillancourt|2009–2010|p=362}} until 1923.{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=149}} The gangster [[Kid Cann]] engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=58}} After Minnesota passed a [[eugenics]] law in 1925, the proprietors of [[Eitel Hospital]] [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilized]] people at [[Faribault State Hospital]].{{sfn|Ladd-Taylor|2005|p=242|loc="[[George G. Eitel|Eitel]], the founder of the private Eitel Hospital and a vice-president of Dight's eugenics society, performed the first 150 surgeries; his nephew George D. Eitel took over the work after the old man died in 1928"}} [[File:Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis, 06-1934 - NARA - 541925.jpg|thumb|alt=group of men holding pipes confronting police on street seen from above|[[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|Battle between striking teamsters and police]], 1934. The May ''(pictured)'' and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|title=The Teamsters Strike of 1934|publisher=St Louis Park Historical Society|access-date=June 25, 2023|archive-date=June 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625183654/https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|url-status=live}}</ref>]] The city was relatively unsegregated before 1910,<ref name="ab" /> with a Black population of less than one percent,<ref name=Kaul>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |title = With covenants, racism was written into Minneapolis housing. The scars are still visible |last = Kaul |first = Greta |date = February 22, 2019 |access-date = March 5, 2023 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = March 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005609/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |url-status = live }}</ref> when a developer wrote the first restrictive covenant based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed.{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=6|loc="The first racial covenant in Minneapolis was recorded by Edmund Walton in 1910..."}} Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|pp=73–74|loc="...the Seven Oaks Corporation, a real estate developer that inserted this same language into thousands of deeds across the city."}} this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=5|loc="...the Mapping Prejudice team showed that, prior to the introduction of covenants in 1910, the residences of people of color were dispersed throughout the city, yet as developers added thousands of racial covenants to deeds in Minneapolis until 1955, the city's neighborhoods became increasingly racially segregated"}} Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|Fair Housing Act of 1968]],{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|p=75}} restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s, and in 2021 the city gave residents a means to discharge them.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |date = March 3, 2021 |author = Navratil, Liz |title = Minneapolis starts program to disavow racial covenants |work =[[Star Tribune]]|access-date = March 4, 2021 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055442/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |url-status = live }}</ref> During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the [[Citizens' Alliance]], an association of employers, refused to negotiate with [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters|teamsters]]. The truck drivers [[trade union|union]] executed [[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|strike]]s in May and July–August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering the truckers strike of 1934|last=Nathanson|first=Iric|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2023|url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=June 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608211702/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charles Rumford Walker]] explains in his book ''American City'' that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".{{sfn|Walker|1937|pp=98–99}} The union victory ultimately led to [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935|1935]] and [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|1938]] federal laws protecting workers' rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|title=The Minneapolis Strike|date=February 4, 2020|access-date=June 6, 2023|publisher=[[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]]|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211501/https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|url-status=live}}</ref> From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, [[antisemitism]] was commonplace in Minneapolis—[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |title = Anti-Semitism in Minneapolis |work = Religions in Minnesota|publisher=[[Carleton College]]|access-date = September 24, 2021 |archive-date = June 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615182209/https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> A [[hate group]] called the [[Silver Legion of America]] held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938.{{sfn|Weber|1991|p=172}} In the 1940s, mayor [[Hubert Humphrey]] worked to rescue the city's reputation,{{sfn|Caro|2002|pp=440, 454}} and helped the city establish the country's first [[Fair Employment Practices Commission|fair employment practices]] and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities.{{sfn|Reichard|1998|p=62}} However, the lives of Black people had not been improved.<ref name="ab" /> In 1966 and 1967—years of significant [[Long, hot summer of 1967|turmoil across the US]]—suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|loc=Chapter 4: Plymouth Avenue Is Burning}} A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment. [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], who was [[school integration in the United States|bused]] to fourth grade in 1967, said in retrospect, "he believed that Minnesota at that time was no more enlightened than segregationist Alabama had been".<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince co-author details 'extremely unlikely' story behind new memoir in New Yorker article|last=Riemenschneider|first=Chris|date=September 5, 2019|access-date=May 17, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|url=https://www.startribune.com/prince-co-author-details-extremely-unlikely-story-behind-new-memoir-in-new-yorker-article/559478242/|archive-date=May 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517221810/https://www.startribune.com/prince-co-author-details-extremely-unlikely-story-behind-new-memoir-in-new-yorker-article/559478242/|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1958 and 1963—in the largest [[urban renewal]] plan undertaken in America {{as of|2022|lc=y}}{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=128}}—Minneapolis demolished "[[Skid row#Minneapolis|skid row]]". Gone were {{convert|35|acre|ha|adj=off|sigfig=1}} with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and its significant architecture, such as the [[Metropolitan Building (Minneapolis)|Metropolitan Building]].<ref name=Hart /> Efforts to save the building failed but encouraged interest in historic preservation.<ref name=Hart>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |title = Room at the Bottom |work = [[City Pages]] |volume = 19 |issue = 909 |date = May 6, 1998 |url = http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100401180715/http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |archive-date = April 1, 2010 }}</ref> In 1968, [[Indian Relocation Act of 1956|relocated]] Native Americans founded the [[American Indian Movement]]{{sfn|Weber|2022|page=141|loc="Explaining the name, [[Clyde Bellecourt]] remembered Alberta Downwind saying at AIM's founding: ''Indian'' is the word that they used to oppress us. ''Indian'' is the word we'll use to gain our freedom"}} in Minneapolis,{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=33}} and its [[Heart of the Earth Survival School|A.I.M. Survival School]], later called Heart of the Earth,{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=6}} taught native traditions to children until closing in 2008.{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=193}} In a backlash of the "dominant" White voters, [[Charles Stenvig]], a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for a decade until 1977.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=139}}{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=126–130, 132}} After their marriage license was denied in 1970, a same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court in ''[[Baker v. Nelson]].''<ref name=Mumford>{{cite news|title=For Mpls. couple, gay marriage ruling is a victory 43 years in the making|last=Mumford|first=Tracy|date=July 16, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2023|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160544/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|url-status=live}}</ref> They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,<ref name=Mumford /> forty years before [[Same-sex marriage in Minnesota|Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage]] in 2013, and ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' did so nationwide in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota|date=July 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|access-date=June 5, 2023|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160446/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|url-status=live}}</ref> Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], when its [[hawala]]s or banks were closed.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=158–159}} On May 25, 2020, 17-year-old [[Darnella Frazier]] recorded the [[murder of George Floyd]];<ref>{{cite news |title = Damning Report After Floyd Murder Finds Rampant Police Discrimination in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |last = Ceron |first = Ella |date = April 27, 2022 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date = May 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220512071727/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |url-status = live }}</ref> her video contradicted the police department's initial statement.<ref>{{cite news |title = How a teenager's video upended the police department's initial tale. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421150451/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |author = Paybarah, Azi |date = April 20, 2021 |access-date = April 21, 2021 |work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Floyd, an African American man, suffocated when [[Derek Chauvin]], a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. While Floyd was neither the first nor the last Black man killed by Minneapolis police,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/6/1/21276309/george-floyd-police-protests-minneapolis-black-lives-matter |title = Decades of tensions between Minneapolis police and Black communities have led to this moment |date = June 1, 2020 |access-date = March 10, 2023 |last1 = Montgomery |first1 = Kandace |last2 = Noor |first2 = Miski |work = [[Vox (website)|Vox]] |publisher = [[Vox Media]] |archive-date = March 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230310213208/https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/6/1/21276309/george-floyd-police-protests-minneapolis-black-lives-matter |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/amir-locke-george-floyd-minneapolis-police-b2022815.html |title = From George Floyd to Amir Locke, have Minneapolis police learned nothing? |date = March 1, 2022 |access-date = March 11, 2023 |work = [[The Independent]] |last1 = Marcus |first1 = Josh |archive-date = March 11, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142322/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/amir-locke-george-floyd-minneapolis-police-b2022815.html |url-status = live }}</ref> his murder sparked international rebellions and mass protests.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |title = The global impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protests shaped movements around the world |date = June 4, 2021 |last1 = Silverstein |first1 = Jason |access-date = March 10, 2023 |work = [[CBS News]] |publisher = [[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date = June 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210605000855/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Reporting on [[George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|the local insurgency]], ''The New York Times'' said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"<ref name="Stockman (4 July 2020)">{{Cite news |last = Stockman |first = Farah |date = July 3, 2020 |title = 'They Have Lost Control': Why Minneapolis Burned |language = en-US |work =[[The New York Times]]|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-date = July 3, 2020 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |access-date = February 6, 2021 }}</ref>—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire.<ref name="Caputo et al (30 June 2020)">{{cite news |last1 = Caputo |first1 = Angela |last2 = Craft |first2 = Will |last3 = Gilbert |first3 = Curtis |date = June 30, 2020 |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |title = 'The precinct is on fire': What happened at Minneapolis' 3rd Precinct—and what it means |work =[[MPR News]] |access-date = July 1, 2020 |archive-date = November 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110091618/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |url-status = live }}</ref> The Twin Cities experienced [[2020–2022 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest|ongoing unrest]] over racial injustice from 2020 to 2022.{{sfn|Mitchell|2022|p=44|loc="Two years have passed since Floyd was killed, but the site where he died...continues to be contested space—an ongoing site of protest—but also a sacred location"}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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