Mayo Clinic

== History ==
[[File:William Worrall Mayo.jpg|190px|thumb|left|[[William Worrall Mayo]], founder of Mayo Clinic]]

=== Early years ===
Mayo Clinic originated with the medical practice of [[William Worrall Mayo]], M.D., (1819–1911).<ref name="Clapesattle">{{cite book |last=Clapesattle |first=Helen |title=The Doctors Mayo |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63952 |publisher=The University of Minnesota Press |year=1941}}</ref>{{rp|5}} Born near [[Manchester, England]], he was mentored by the eminent British scientist [[John Dalton]]<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|11–13}} and immigrated to the United States in 1846.<ref name="Burns">{{cite book |last1=Blistein |first1=David |last2=Burns |first2=Ken |date=2018 |title=The Mayo Clinic: Faith—Hope—Science |publisher=Florentine Books |isbn=978-1948122290}}</ref>{{rp|29}} He worked his way west, earning two medical degrees at a time when formal education for physicians was limited.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|20–21, 31}} Mayo settled in Indiana, and he married Louise Abigail Wright in 1851.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|25}} They moved to Minnesota Territory in 1854, seeking a more healthful climate.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|32–33}} The family relocated within Minnesota several times until Mayo's appointment as an examining surgeon for the [[Union Army]] military draft board during the [[American Civil War]] brought them to Rochester.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|78}} On January 27, 1864,  Mayo advertised in the ''Rochester City Post'' the opening of a private medical practice "over the Union Drug Store on Third Street" with "all calls answered by day or night".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/special_report/fight-for-the-union-hope-grows-for-war-s-end/article_4f76d8e3-fa28-513e-9291-3331a8779fa3.html|title=Fight for the Union, 1864: Hope grows for war's end|last=Furst|first=Jay|date=2014|work=Post-Bulletin (Rochester, Minn.), Sept. 6, 2014}}</ref>

Both of W. W. Mayo's sons, [[William James Mayo]] (1861–1939) and [[Charles Horace Mayo]] (1865–1939), who became known as Dr. Will and Dr. Charlie, grew up in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] and attended medical school. William graduated in 1883 and joined his father's practice, with Charles joining in 1888.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schlup|first1=Leonard|last2=Ryan|first2=James G.|title=Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age|date=2003|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, N.Y.|isbn=9780765621061|page=299}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayo, Charles Horace (1865 - 1939)|url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E004673b.htm|website=Royal College of Surgeons|access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref>
On August 21, 1883, a [[1883 Rochester tornado|tornado]] struck Rochester, causing at least 37 deaths and over 200 injuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rochester, MN Tornado of 1883|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|url=http://www.weather.gov/arx/aug211883tornadoes|access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> One-third of the town was destroyed, but the Mayo family escaped serious harm. Relief efforts began immediately in a variety of makeshift facilities. Mayo was placed in charge of organizing medical care for the wounded survivors. Needing nurses, he reached out to [[Mother Alfred Moes]], the founder of the [[Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota]] (a teaching order).<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|244}}

After the crisis subsided, Mother Alfred approached W. W. Mayo with a proposal: The Sisters of St. Francis would raise funds to build a hospital in Rochester if he and his sons provided medical and surgical care.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|246–247}} The agreement was made over a handshake.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|51}} On September 30, 1889, [[Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)|Saint Mary's Hospital]] was opened by the Sisters with the three Mayo physicians on staff.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|11–22}}

[[File:1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mary's Hospital in 1910]]

=== Group practice ===
The growing specialization of medicine and the expanding use of railroads, automobiles, and mass communications provided context for the development of integrated multi-specialty practice.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|481–485, 497}}<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|134}}<ref name="Fye">{{cite book |last=Fye |first=W. Bruce |year=2015 |title=Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{rp|28–30}}

Starting in the 1890s, the Mayo brothers welcomed other physicians to join them. W. W. Mayo's solo practice had evolved into a family practice with his sons' participation which then became a group practice with other medical colleagues.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|359}} Mayo Clinic's first partners were physicians  [[Augustus Stinchfield|Augustus W. Stinchfield]],<ref name="Lennon11">{{cite news |title=A medical institution of honourable beginnings |last=Lennon |first=Troy |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)]] |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=536B-5931-JD3N-51MJ&csi=8422&oc=00240&perma=true |date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref> Christopher Graham,<ref name="Nelson-Graham">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]] |date=June 1993 |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=522 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60366-8}}</ref> Melvin C. Millet,<ref name="Nelson-Millet">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=July 1993 |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=626 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60596-5}}</ref> [[Henry Stanley Plummer|Henry Plummer]],<ref name="Nelson-Plummer">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=August 1993 |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=730 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60627-2}}</ref> E. Star Judd,<ref name="Nelson-Judd">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=September 1993 |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=834 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60689-2|pmid=8371600 }}</ref> and Donald Balfour.<ref name="GastroJournal-Balfour">{{cite journal |title=In Memoriam |journal=Gastroenterology |date=June 1993 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=207 |doi=10.1016/S0016-5085(64)80060-3|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Preeminent among the early physicians who joined the practice was [[Henry Stanley Plummer]], M.D. A specialist in thyroid disease, he made contributions to the treatment of goiter.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|632, 634–636}} In terms of organizational development, he collaborated with the Mayo brothers in coordinating the introduction of specialties that expanded the scope of the Mayo practice beyond its origins in surgery.<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|19}} A polymath whose interests included architecture, engineering, and art, Plummer also created many of the systems and procedures that remain central to Mayo Clinic today, such as the integrated "dossier" medical record.<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|37}}

=== Growth and national expansion ===
The Mayo brothers both served as president of the [[List of presidents of the American Medical Association|American Medical Association]] and achieved recognition as surgeons.<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|23–25}} In 1919, the brothers and their wives donated the assets of the medical practice including land, buildings, and equipment, as well as the majority of their life savings, to transform the private partnership into a not-for-profit organization.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|105}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berry |first1=Leonard |last2=Seltman |first2=Kent |editor1-last=Schneider |editor1-first=Benjamin |editor2-last=Barbera |editor2-first=Karen |title=The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Climate and Culture |date=January 1, 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199860715 |pages=611–612 |chapter=Chapter 31: The Mayo Clinic Way: A Story of Cultural Strength and Sustainability |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Danilov |first1=Victor |title=Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials |date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810891852 |page=135 |edition=1 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=medicinehistory>{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Karen |title=Medicine and Healers Through History |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=9781615304059 |page=200 |quote=}}</ref>

Following World War II, Mayo Clinic continued to expand in Rochester, Minnesota. In 1972, the Mayo Medical School (now [[Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine]]) opened.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713">{{cite news |title=History of Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/history-of-mayo-clinic/article_7e94f986-e6d8-5163-98c3-f9e4562277f4.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1986, Mayo Clinic formally united with Saint Marys Hospital and Rochester Methodist Hospital.<ref name="PostBulletin-Timeline">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic timeline |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/mayo-clinic-timeline/article_dc5d488f-3005-54fb-ae08-1d45fe3decdb.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=May 9, 2014 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> That same year, Mayo Clinic expanded to Florida partly because of a donation of 400 acres of land in Jacksonville from the Davis family.<ref name="FloridaPatients">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic in race for Florida patients |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-in-race-for-florida-patients/378367141/ |work=[[The Star Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2016 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón-Otero |first1=G |title=Out of the woods, a Mayo Clinic emerges: a commentary on the history of Mayo Clinic in Florida. |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=May 2014 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=583–8 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.03.008 |pmid=24797641|doi-access=free }}</ref> This was followed by expansion to Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1987;<ref name="AZHospitals">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic Hospital in Phoenix among top 20 in national ranking |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/health/2017/08/08/mayo-clinic-hospital-phoenix-ranking-us-news-world-report/547725001/ |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> the Phoenix, Arizona, campus opened in 1998.<ref name="AZHospitals"/> In 1992, Mayo Clinic Health System began as a network of community-based medical services in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.<ref name="USNWR-Best">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/mn/mayo-clinic-6610451 |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=2018 |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> In 2011, Mayo Clinic launched the Mayo Clinic Care Network, a collection of facilities with access to Mayo Clinic protocols and experts.<ref name="CareNetwork">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic Care Network reaches into California |last1=Hansel |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/mayo-clinic-care-network-reaches-into-california/article_86d5b8e4-10af-504b-a0e6-ccfc8b92fcc5.html |work=The Post-Bulletin |date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

In November 2019, the Mayo Clinic, in a joint partnership with [[Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates#Emirate of Abu Dhabi|SEHA Abu Dhabi Health Services Co]], invested $50 million into a 741-bed hospital in the [[United Arab Emirates]] for a 25% stake.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nov 24th 2019 – 8am|first=Paul John Scott {{!}}|title=Mayo announces first hospital outside of US|url=https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/healthcare/4783617-Mayo-announces-first-hospital-outside-of-US|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Duluth News Tribune|date=November 24, 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayo invests $50M in 741-bed hospital in United Arab Emirates, acquires 25% stake|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-transactions-and-valuation/mayo-invests-50m-in-741-bed-hospital-in-united-arab-emirates-acquires-25-stake.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.beckershospitalreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayo invests $50 million in UAE hospital project|url=https://www.medcitybeat.com/news-blog/2020/mayo-invests-50-million-abu-dhabi-hospital|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Med City Beat|language=en-US}}</ref>

At the beginning of 2020, the Mayo Clinic opened a health clinic in central [[London]], in partnership with [[Oxford University]] Clinic. It was officially named Mayo Clinic Healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals Mayo Clinic, Cerner grow U.K. presence with new central London clinic in partnership with Oxford|url=https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals-health-systems/mayo-clinic-opens-first-u-k-facility-central-london-through-oxford|website=Fierce Healthcare|date=September 5, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayo Clinic, London About|url=https://www.mayoclinichealthcare.co.uk/about|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2020 it was reported that the Mayo Clinic had bought Oxford University Clinic's share of the facility, to become the sole owner and its first overseas clinic operated as a Mayo Clinic entity.<ref name="beckershospitalreview.com"/><ref name="mayoclinic.org"/>

[[File:DrsMayoStamp.jpg|thumb|left|Mayo Brothers U.S. Commemorative Stamp issued 1964]]

=== Contributions to medicine and science ===
In the early 20th century, Henry Plummer developed Mayo Clinic's multi-specialty [[Group medical practice in the United States|group practice]] model and an integrated medical record system.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017">{{cite news |title=Mayo rolls out big health record project |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-rolls-out-big-health-record-project/444757193/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=September 15, 2017 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Plummer's system allowed physicians to share patient information better.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017"/> Before Plummer's system, physicians worked solo. They shared patient information when necessary, either verbally or by letter.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017"/> Plummer also helped design and fabricate building systems innovations, such as steam sterilization rooms, metal surgical tools and equipment, pneumatic tube systems, and knee operated sinks.<ref name="Campbell-082817">{{cite news |title=Little known characters in America: Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer |last1=Campbell |first1=Cal |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5PBT-98H1-JBCN-41VC&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Journal Gazette/Times-Courier |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Grayson-042519">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic names $1B tech project after big-thinking doc |last1=Grayson |first1=Katharine |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2016/04/25/mayo-clinic-names-1b-tech-project-after-big.html |newspaper=Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal |date=April 25, 2016 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> In 1905, Mayo Clinic advanced a technique of using frozen [[tissue (biology)|tissue]] during surgery to determine if a patient had cancer while the patient was still in the operating room.<ref name="Hansel-070514">{{cite news |title=A century-old technique prevents extra tumor surgeries at Mayo |last1=Hansel |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/a-century-old-technique-prevents-extra-tumor-surgeries-at-mayo/article_99141a13-cc77-5d6a-be93-1d1a46517630.html |newspaper=The Post Bulletin |date=July 5, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Becker's-091214">{{cite news |title=10 Mayo Clinic innovations you probably don't know about |url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/10-mayo-clinic-innovations-you-probably-don-t-know-about.html |newspaper=Becker's Hospital Review |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic offered the first graduate medical education program in 1915 and the first nonprofit practice aligned with medical education and research.<ref name="Becker's-091214"/> In the 1920s, Albert Compton Broders of the Mayo Clinic created the first index to grade tumors.<ref name="APLM-12">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=James R. |year=2012 |title=Albert C. Broders' Paradigm Shifts Involving the Prognostication and Definition of Cancer |journal=Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine |volume=136 |issue=11 |pages=1437–46 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2011-0567-HP |pmid=23106590 |s2cid=29502909 |issn=0003-9985 |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5JJY-J2S1-DY0W-41CW&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic opened the first hospital-based blood bank in Rochester in 1935.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713"/> Early in Mayo Clinic's history, the hospital designed the one-legged mobile instrument stand known as the Mayo stand.<ref name="Meals2010">{{cite journal |last1=Meals |first1=Clifton |last2=Wang |first2=Jeffrey |date=June 2010 |title=Origins of Eponymous Orthopaedic Equipment |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |volume=468 |issue=6 |pages=1682–1692 |doi=10.1007/s11999-009-1221-z |pmid=20069394 |pmc=2865605 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 1930s, Mayo Clinic associates Walter M. Boothby, Randolph Lovelace, and [[Arthur H. Bulbulian]] developed a high-altitude oxygen therapy mask known as the BLB flight mask.<ref name="Dill54">{{cite journal |last1=Dill |first1=D. B. |date=October 29, 1954 |title=Walter M. Boothby, Pioneer in Aviation Medicine |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.120.3122.688 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=120 |issue=3122 |page=688 |doi=10.1126/science.120.3122.688 |pmid=13205212 |bibcode=1954Sci...120..688D |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the U.S. Army tasked Mayo Clinic with finding a solution for dying pilots after suffering blackouts. Mayo Clinic hired a team of physicians to research and define the specific physiologic effects causing blackout and unconsciousness during high G forces.<ref name="Hansel-G-Suit">{{cite news |title=Remembrance – Wood was G-suit inventor, Mayo doctor |last=Hansel |first=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/remembrance----wood-was-g-suit-inventor-mayo/article_778e2984-32a9-5a6e-a990-dc27679aac9a.html |work=The Post Bulletin |date=March 21, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> [[Physiologist]]s [[Earl Wood|Earl H. Wood]], Edward Baldes, Charles Code, and [[Edward H. Lambert]] developed the [[G-suit]] with air bladders that prevented blood from pooling in pilots' legs.<ref name="Hansel-G-Suit"/> The suit was worn by U.S. pilots toward the end of World War II.<ref>WOOD EH, LAMBERT EH. The effect of anti-blackout suits on blood pressure changes produced on the human centrifuge. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1 Pt 2):115. PubMed {{PMID|21066536}}.</ref><ref>Wood EH. Contributions of aeromedical research to flight and biomedical science. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1986 Oct;57(10 Pt 2):A13-23. Erratum in: Aviat Space Environ Med 1987 Jul;58(7):706. PubMed {{PMID|3778400}}.</ref><ref>Wood EH. Developing methods for preventing acceleration-induced blackout and unconsciousness in World War II fighter pilots. Limitations: present and future. Physiologist. 1987 Feb;30(1 Suppl):S27-30. PubMed {{PMID|3550843}}.</ref>

Two Mayo Clinic physicians were among three people awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in medicine]] in 1950 for the discovery of [[cortisone]].<ref name="Hilchey080696">{{cite news |title=Tadeus Reichstein, 99, Dies; Won Nobel for Cortisone Work |last1=Hilchey |first1=Tim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/06/world/tadeus-reichstein-99-dies-won-nobel-for-cortisone-work.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 6, 1996 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Professor [[Edward C. Kendall]], Ph.D., and [[Philip S. Hench]] of Mayo Clinic were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine alongside [[Tadeus Reichstein]], a Swiss chemist who conducted independent research, for the discovery.<ref name="Hilchey080696"/> They separated and identified compounds from the adrenal cortex that produced cortisone and [[hydrocortisone]].<ref name="NYT-05051972">{{cite news |title=Dr. Kendall Dies; Nobel Laureate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/05/archives/dr-kendall-dies-nobel-laureate-pioneer-in-the-discovery-of.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 5, 1972 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> Later in the decade, Mayo Clinic began using and refining the Gibbon heart–lung machine in cardiac surgery. It is now known as the Mayo–Gibbon heart–lung machine.<ref name="NMAH-Mayo-Gibbon">{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1213038 |title=Mayo-Gibbon Heart-Lung Machine |work=The National Museum of American History |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic associates Edward Howard Lambert, Lealdes (Lee) McKendree Eaton, and Edward Douglas Rooke were the first physicians to substantially describe the clinic and electrophysiological findings of what is known as [[Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] in 1956.<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2738|Lambert-Eaton-Rooke syndrome}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert EH, Eaton LM, Rooke ED | title=Defect of neuromuscular conduction associated with malignant neoplasms  | journal=Am. J. Physiol. | year=1956 | volume=187 | pages=612–613}}</ref> In 1972, the clustering of LEMS with other autoimmune diseases led to the hypothesis that it was caused by autoimmunity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gutmann L, Crosby TW, Takamori M, Martin JD |title=The Eaton–Lambert syndrome and autoimmune disorders |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=354–6 |date=September 1972 |pmid=4115499 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90179-9}}</ref>

In 1969, Mayo Clinic doctors performed the first [[Food and Drug Administration]]-approved hip replacement in the United States.<ref name="Hansel-031007">{{cite news |title=Mayo is a hip place for surgery |last1=Hansel |first1= Jeff|url=https://www.postbulletin.com/mayo-is-a-hip-place-for-surgery/article_388acbe7-6876-54c4-af30-ce9ceaf27f87.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> In 1973, Mayo Clinic bought the first [[CT scanner]] in the U.S.<ref name="LAT-090708">{{cite news |title=The high cost of precision |last1=Zarembo |first1=Alan |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4TCY-KGX0-TW84-N1JM&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic and Roche Molecular Biochemicals developed a rapid [[DNA]] test in 2001 to detect anthrax in humans and in the environment.<ref name="CNN-110501">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic touts new test to detect anthrax quickly |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/05/mayo.anthrax.test/index.html |work=CNN |date=November 5, 2001 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

The [[Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation]], was established in 2008 and has since worked on over 270 projects.<ref name="Bhatti-030218">{{cite news |title=Putting Humans at the Center of Health Care Innovation |last1=Bhatti |first1=Yasser |last2=del Castillo |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Olson |first3=Kristian |last4=Darzi |first4=Ara |url=https://hbr.org/2018/03/putting-humans-at-the-center-of-health-care-innovation |newspaper=Harvard Business Review |date=March 2, 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Silvis-111615">{{cite news |title=Using Service Design to Understand, Improve Patient Experience |last1=Silvis |first1=Jennifer |url=https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/news/awards-events/using-service-design-understand-improve-patient-experience/ |newspaper=Healthcare Design Magazine |date=November 16, 2015 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, Mayo Clinic specialists in regenerative medicine began the "first-in-human study," whereby patient cells are used to attempt to heal heart damage.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713"/>

After several years of using Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers and mobile devices for patient care and test results, Mayo partnered with Apple in 2014 to develop the Apple Health and HealthKit apps as a central location for personal health information.<ref name="Ungerleider-060514">{{cite news |title=Inside Apple & The Mayo Clinic's New Partnership |last1=Ungerleider |first1=Neal |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3031385/inside-apple-the-mayo-clinics-new-partnership |work=Fast Company |date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic and Delos Living launched the [[Well Living Lab]] in September 2015. This research facility is designed to simulate real-world, non-hospital environments, allowing Mayo Clinic researchers to study the interaction between indoor spaces and human health.<ref name="Stinson">{{cite news| url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/mayo-clinic-modeled-new-lab-stuffy-office/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |title=Why the Mayo Clinic Modeled Its New Lab on a Stuffy Office |first=Liz |last=Stinson |date=October 4, 2015 |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic's Advanced Care at Home Model of Care launched in 2020 and assists patients in their own homes through virtual care.<ref name="Launches">{{cite news |last1=Smits |first1=Garry |title=Coronavirus: Mayo Clinic launches advanced care at home in July |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/local/2020/06/25/coronavirus-mayo-clinic-launches-advanced-care-at-home-in-july/41745487/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=The Florida Times-Union}}</ref>

In 2020, Mayo Clinic began running a federally sponsored Expanded Access Program for Convalescent Plasma to treat hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States.<ref name="Convalescent">{{cite news |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel |title=FDA Authorizes Convalescent Plasma As Emergency Treatment For COVID-19 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/23/905277083/fda-authorizes-convalescent-plasma-as-emergency-treatment-for-covid-19 |access-date=7 September 2023 |agency=NPR |date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA used spinal cord stimulation and physical therapy that allowed a man paralyzed since 2013 to briefly regain his ability to stand and walk with assistance. The patient was able to walk 111 yards for a total of 16 minutes when given artificial electrical stimulation, although he was unable to continue that mobility once the artificial stimulation was removed. The results were published in the journal Nature Medicine.<ref name="Paralyzed">{{cite news |last1=Eileen |first1=Drage O'Reilly |title=Paralyzed man able to walk with assistance in clinical trial |url=https://www.axios.com/2018/09/24/paralyzed-man-able-to-walk-in-clinical-trials |access-date=29 September 2023 |agency=Axios}}</ref>

As of 2023, Mayo Clinic had treated more than 10,000 patients with [[Proton therapy|proton beam therapy]] across two of its facilities. According to [[Post-Bulletin]] reporting, proton beam therapy is limited in the U.S., with only 2 percent of radiation patients being treated with the technology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dené |first1=Dryden |title=With expansion on the way, Mayo Clinic's proton beam therapy program aims to treat as many patients as possible |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/health/with-expansion-on-the-way-mayo-clinics-proton-beam-therapy-program-aims-to-treat-as-many-patients-as-possible |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Rochester Post Bulletin |date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928041119/https://www.postbulletin.com/health/with-expansion-on-the-way-mayo-clinics-proton-beam-therapy-program-aims-to-treat-as-many-patients-as-possible |archive-date=28 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Plummer Building]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]]]]

=== Architecture and art collection ===
As the practice grew in the 20th century, it required additional space. Saint Mary's Hospital underwent frequent expansion. Rochester business leader John Kahler built innovative hotel-hospital facilities that served Mayo Clinic patients.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|501–502}} In 1914, Mayo Clinic opened the world's first building expressly designed for multispecialty group practice, known as the 1914 "red brick" building.<ref name="Lens">{{cite news |title=Lens on history: The first Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/lens-on-history-the-first-mayo-clinic/article_d74c3e68-47f4-585f-81a2-d74c7fa7bb8a.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|544}} It facilitated ease of movement for patients and staff among specialty areas, brought research and education functions into proximity with clinical practice, and patient amenities.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|544}}<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|38–41}} This approach was replicated and enhanced with the adjoining 1928 Mayo Clinic building, later named for Plummer,<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|77–80}} its principal designer, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|697–698}}<ref name="HistoricPlaces">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/16000278.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|date=April 8, 2016 |work=National Park Service |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soapask.com/general-hospital/|title= General Hospital |last=Toulas|first=Bill|date=2019-04-27|website=soapask|language=en-US|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> The [[General hospital]] features bronze entry doors designed by artist Charles Brioschi. Each 16-foot high, 5.25-inch thick door weighs 4,000 pounds and features ornamental panels. The doors are closed to memorialize important historical events and influential people, such as the deaths of the Mayo brothers, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.<ref name="PlummerDoors">{{cite web |url=https://www.downtownrochestermn.com/art/plummer-building-doors |title=Plummer Building Doors |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=downtownrochestermn.com |publisher=Rochester Downtown Alliance |access-date=July 24, 2019}}</ref> The 1914 "red brick" building, a National Historic Landmark, was demolished by Mayo Clinic in the 1980s to make way for the [[Siebens Building]] (completed in 1989).<ref name="Lens"/><ref>{{cite web|archive-date=March 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324165441/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/127951/siebens-building-rochester-mn-usa|title=Siebens Building, Rochester – 127951 – EMPORIS|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/127951/siebens-building-rochester-mn-usa|url-status=dead|website=www.emporis.com}}</ref> Mayo Clinic's campus has undergone expansion over the years.<ref name="Baier">{{cite news |title=Growth continues at Mayo Clinic's three campuses |last1=Baier |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2013/05/08/business/mayo-clinic-florida-arizona-minnesota-campuses |work=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |date=May 8, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

Other notable Mayo Clinic buildings include the [[Mayo Building (Rochester, Minnesota)]] (construction completed in 1955), [[Guggenheim Building]] (1974), [[Gonda Building]] (2001), [[Opus Imaging Research Building]] (2007) and a recent addition in 2019 – Discovery Square building.

<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Mayo Clinic Rochester Gonda w trees 3890p.jpg|Gonda Building entrance
Image:Mayo Clinic-Gonda atrium-20060705.jpg|Gonda Building atrium
Image:Mayo Clinic Gonda building 3997.jpg|Patient cafeteria dome
Image:MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG|Opus Imaging Research Building
Image:MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG|Guggenheim Building
</gallery>

Mayo Clinic's humanities program was founded on the belief that the arts and healing are linked.<ref name="Richert16">{{cite news |title=Photos: A walk through Mayo Clinic's healing art |last=Richert |first=Catharine |work=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/10/24/mayo-clinic-art-collection-healing-medicine- |date=October 24, 2016 |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> Over the decades, Mayo Clinic has established an extensive [[art collection]], including these works on display across all campuses:
* ''Endangered Species'' by [[Andy Warhol]]
* ''[[Jean d'Aire|John D'Aire]]'' by [[Auguste Rodin]]
* ''Fish'' by [[Alexander Calder]]
* ''Man and Freedom'' by [[Ivan Meštrović]]
* Untitled by [[Dale Chihuly]]
* ''Four Houses'' by [[Jennifer Bartlett]]
* ''The Archer'' by [[Joan Miró]]
* ''My Brother and I'' by [[Tuck Langland]]
* ''Constellation Earth'' by [[Paul Granlund]]

=== Educational programs ===
{{main|Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science#History}}

The first medical, educational programs at Mayo Clinic were developed in 1915 with the assistance of the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref name=kennedylab>{{cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=William |title=History of Medicine in the St. Paul-Minneapolis Metropolitan area |url=http://kennedylab.med.umn.edu/neurology-dept-history/history-medicine-twin-city-area |website=Kennedy Laboratory at the University of Minnesota |publisher=University of Minnesota Neurology Department |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=medicinehistory/> Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research were established in 1915.<ref name=boes/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: Sketch of the History of the Mayo Clinic and the Mayo Foundation |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=February 1, 1928 |volume=2 |issue=63 |pages=105–106 |pmc=5235446 }}</ref> MFMER was established as a department of the University of Minnesota with a $1.5 million donation to offer graduate programs at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Louis B. |last2=Sanford |first2=A. H. |title=The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |journal=Sigma Xi Quarterly |date=September 1920 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=52–58 |jstor=27824137 }}</ref> The Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education is part of the [[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science]], which is divided into five schools.<ref name=porter>{{cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Barbara L. |last2=Grande |first2=Joseph P. |title=Mayo Medical School |journal=Academic Medicine |date=2010 |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=S300-4 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181e9155c |pmid=20736572 |issn=1040-2446|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warner |first1=MA |title=You trained at Mayo Clinic? Wow! |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=March 2014 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=284–90 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.09.017 |pmid=24582187|doi-access=free }}</ref> Those schools include Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, and Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|131}}

In 2011, the foundation that oversees the Mayo Clinic went before the Supreme Court to argue that medical residents should remain exempt from [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] deductions. In ''[[Mayo Foundation v. United States]]'', the court sided with the [[Social Security Administration]] and required [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|FICA]] to be deducted going forward.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lowes|first1=Robert|title=Residents Are Workers, Not Students, for Tax Purposes, Says High Court|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/735725|website=Medscape|access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

=== Current practice ===
Mayo Clinic rules mandate that its CEOs must be physicians and come from within Mayo Clinic.<ref name="MayoCEOs">{{cite news |title=Gianrico Farrugia selected to lead Mayo Clinic
|url=https://www.medcitybeat.com/news-blog/2018/mayo-clinic-names-gianrico-farrugia-ceo |work=The Med City Beat |date=August 10, 2018 |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref> John H. Noseworthy, M.D., served as president and CEO from 2009 to 2019.<ref name="Newmarker"/> Under his leadership, Mayo Clinic was reorganized into a single operating company with a unified strategy and business plan, which helped the system expand.<ref name=Karnowski-081018/> This included the launch of the Destination Medical Center, a 20-year economic growth plan in Rochester.<ref name=Karnowski-081018/> During this time, annual revenue reached nearly $12 billion, and Mayo Clinic added 7,200 employees.<ref name="StarTribune-Snowbeck-200218">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic's CEO to retire at year's end |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-s-ceo-to-retire-at-year-s-end/474592633/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Mayo Clinic announced that Gianrico Farrugia, M.D., a Mayo Clinic physician for more than 30 years, would replace Noseworthy as CEO.<ref name=ABC-NewCEO>{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic names head of Florida campus as new CEO |last1=Karnowski |first1=Steve |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/mayo-clinic-names-head-florida-campus-ceo-57135221 |work=[[The Associated Press]] |date=August 10, 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Farrugia had served as CEO of Mayo Clinic in Florida since 2015.<ref name=Karnowski-081018 /> The replacement adhered to Mayo Clinic's tradition of leadership changes, where a new president or CEO is named every seven to ten years.<ref name="ModernHealthcare-Noseworthy">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic CEO Noseworthy to retire |last1=Kacik |first1=Alex |url=http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20180220/NEWS/180229996 |work=Modern Healthcare |date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> By 2018, Mayo Clinic doctors saw approximately 1.3 million patients annually.<ref name=ABC-NewCEO />