Manichaeism

====Roman Empire====
[[File:Spread of Manicheanism.png|alt=|thumb|350px|A map of the spread of Manichaeism (300–500). ''World History Atlas'', Dorling Kindersly.]]
Manichaeism reached Rome through the apostle Psattiq by 280, who was also in [[Egypt]] in 244 and 251. It was flourishing in the [[Faiyum]] in 290.

Manichaean monasteries existed in Rome in 312 during the time of [[Pope Miltiades]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lieu |first=Samuel N. C. | author-link=Samuel N. C. Lieu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_vnAAAAIAAJ&q=Miltiades |title=Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey |date=1985 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7190-1088-0 |language=en}}</ref>

In 291, persecution arose in the Sasanian Empire with the murder of the apostle Sisin by Emperor [[Bahram II]] and the slaughter of many Manichaeans. Then, in 302, the first official reaction and legislation against Manichaeism from the Roman state was issued under [[Diocletian]]. In an official edict called the ''De Maleficiis et Manichaeis'' compiled in the ''Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum'' and addressed to the [[proconsul of Africa]], Diocletian wrote:
{{blockquote|We have heard that the Manichaeans [...] have set up new and hitherto unheard-of sects in opposition to the older creeds so that they might cast out the doctrines vouchsafed to us in the past by the divine favour for the benefit of their own depraved doctrine. They have sprung forth very recently like new and unexpected monstrosities among the race of the Persians – a nation still hostile to us – and have made their way into our empire, where they are committing many outrages, disturbing the tranquility of our people and even inflicting grave damage to the civic communities. We have cause to fear that with the passage of time they will endeavour, as usually happens, to infect the modest and tranquil of an innocent nature with the damnable customs and perverse laws of the Persians as with the poison of a malignant (serpent) ... We order that the authors and leaders of these sects be subjected to severe punishment, and, together with their abominable writings, burnt in the flames. We direct their followers, if they continue recalcitrant, shall suffer capital punishment, and their goods be forfeited to the imperial treasury. And if those who have gone over to that hitherto unheard-of, scandalous and wholly infamous creed, or to that of the Persians, are persons who hold public office, or are of any rank or of superior social status, you will see to it that their estates are confiscated and the offenders sent to the (quarry) at [[Khirbat Faynan|Phaeno]] or the mines at [[Proconnesus (city)|Proconnesus]]. And in order that this plague of iniquity shall be completely extirpated from this our most happy age, let your devotion hasten to carry out our orders and commands.<ref>Iain Gardner and [[Samuel N. C. Lieu]], eds., Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 117–18.</ref>}}

By 354, [[Hilary of Poitiers]] wrote that Manichaeism was a significant force in [[Roman Gaul]]. In 381, Christians requested [[Theodosius I]] to strip Manichaeans of their [[civil rights]]. Starting in 382, the emperor issued a series of edicts to suppress Manichaeism and punish its followers.<ref>[[Samuel N. C. Lieu|Lieu, Samuel]] (1992) ''Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China'' 2d edition, pp. 145–148</ref>

[[File:Tiffany Window of St Augustine - Lightner Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Augustine of Hippo]] was once a Manichaean.]]
[[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430) converted to Christianity from Manichaeism in the year 387. This was shortly after the Roman emperor [[Theodosius I]] had issued a decree of death for all Manichaean monks in 382 and shortly before he declared Christianity to be the only legitimate religion for the Roman Empire in 391. Due to the heavy persecution, the religion almost disappeared from western Europe in the fifth century and from the eastern portion of the empire in the sixth century.<ref name="Wendy"/>

According to his ''[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]'', after nine or ten years of adhering to the Manichaean faith as a member of the group of "hearers", [[Augustine of Hippo]] became a Christian and a potent adversary of Manichaeism (which he expressed in writing against his Manichaean opponent [[Faustus of Mileve]]), seeing their beliefs that knowledge was the key to salvation as too passive and not able to effect any change in one's life.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Augustine of Hippo |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=418 |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=Catholic.org |publisher=Catholic Online}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I still thought that it is not we who sin but some other nature that sins within us. It flattered my pride to think that I incurred no guilt and, when I did wrong, not to confess it&nbsp;... I preferred to excuse myself and blame this unknown thing which was in me but was not part of me. The truth, of course, was that it was all my own self, and my own impiety had divided me against myself. My sin was all the more incurable because I did not think myself a sinner.<ref>''Confessions'', Book V, Section 10.</ref>}}
Some modern scholars have suggested that Manichaean ways of thinking influenced the development of some of Augustine's ideas, such as the nature of good and evil, the idea of hell, the separation of groups into elect, hearers, and sinners, and the hostility to the flesh and sexual activity, and his dualistic theology.<ref>A. Adam, ''Das Fortwirken des Manichäismus bei Augustin''. In: ZKG (69) 1958, S. 1–25.</ref>

[[File:Augustine Confessiones.jpg|thumb|A 13th-century manuscript from Augustine's book VII of ''[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]'' criticizing Manichaeism.]]