Lutheranism

===Lutheran orthodoxy===
{{Main|Lutheran orthodoxy}}
[[File:Collegium Jenense.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Jena]] in Germany, the center of [[Gnesio-Lutherans|Gnesio-Lutheran]] activity leading up to the [[Formula of Concord]], and  a center of Lutheran orthodoxy]]
[[File:Sophie Magdalene, queen of Denmark and Norway.jpg|thumb|Danish Queen [[Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach|Sophie Magdalene]] expressed her [[Pietism|Pietist]] sentiment in 1737 by founding a [[Vallø stift|Lutheran convent]].]]
The historical period of Lutheran Orthodoxy is divided into three sections: Early Orthodoxy (1580–1600), High Orthodoxy (1600–1685), and Late Orthodoxy (1685–1730). [[Lutheran scholasticism]] developed gradually, especially for the purpose of arguing with the [[Jesuits]], and it was finally established by [[Johann Gerhard]]. [[Abraham Calovius]] represents the climax of the [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] paradigm in orthodox Lutheranism. Other orthodox Lutheran theologians include [[Martin Chemnitz]], [[Aegidius Hunnius]], [[Leonhard Hutter]], [[Nicolaus Hunnius]], [[Jesper Rasmussen Brochmand]], [[Salomo Glassius]], [[Johann Hülsemann]], [[Johann Conrad Dannhauer]], [[Johannes Andreas Quenstedt]], [[Johann Friedrich König]], and [[Johann Wilhelm Baier]].

Near the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]], the compromising spirit seen in [[Philip Melanchthon]] rose up again in [[University of Helmstedt|Helmstedt]] School and especially in theology of [[Georgius Calixtus]], causing the [[syncretistic controversy]]. Another theological issue that arose was the Crypto-Kenotic controversy.<ref>[http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=L&word=LUTHERANTHEOLOGYAFTER1580 Lutheran Theology after 1580] article in [[Christian Cyclopedia]]</ref>

Late orthodoxy was torn by influences from [[Rationalism#Classical rationalism|rationalism]], philosophy based on reason, and [[Pietism]], a revival movement in Lutheranism. After a century of vitality, the Pietist theologians [[Philipp Jakob Spener]] and [[August Hermann Francke]] warned that orthodoxy had degenerated into meaningless intellectualism and [[Formalism (philosophy)#Religion|formalism]], while orthodox theologians found the emotional and subjective focuses of Pietism to be vulnerable to Rationalist propaganda.<ref name=CC426>Fuerbringer, L., ''[https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp Concordia Cyclopedia]'' Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p. 426</ref> In 1688, the Finnish [[Radical Pietism|Radical Pietist]] [[Lars Ulstadius]] ran down the main aisle of [[Turku Cathedral]] naked while screaming that the disgrace of Finnish clergymen would be revealed like his current disgrace.

The last famous orthodox Lutheran theologian before the rationalist ''Aufklärung'', or ''Enlightenment'', was [[David Hollatz (dogmatician)|David Hollatz]]. Late orthodox theologian [[Valentin Ernst Löscher]] took part in the controversy against [[Pietism]]. Medieval [[Christian mysticism|mystical]] traditions continued in the works of [[Martin Moller]], [[Johann Arndt]], and [[Joachim Lütkemann]]. Pietism became a rival of orthodoxy but adopted some devotional literature by orthodox theologians, including Arndt, [[Christian Scriver]] and [[Stephan Prätorius]].