John Calvin

===Reform in Geneva (1541–1549)===
{{Further|Hymnody of continental Europe#Reformed Church|Regulative principle of worship#John Calvin's liturgy}}

In supporting Calvin's proposals for reforms, the council of Geneva passed the ''Ordonnances ecclésiastiques'' (Ecclesiastical Ordinances) on 20 November 1541. The ordinances defined four orders of ministerial function: pastors to preach and to administer the [[sacraments]]; doctors to instruct believers in the faith; [[Elder (Christianity)|elders]] to provide discipline; and [[deacons]] to care for the poor and needy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganoczy|2004|pp=15–17}}</ref> They also called for the creation of the ''[[Consistory (Protestantism)#Reformed usage|Consistoire]]'' ([[Genevan Consistory|Consistory]]), an ecclesiastical court composed of the elders and the ministers. The city government retained the power to summon persons before the court, and the Consistory could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction. Originally, the court had the power to mete out sentences, with excommunication as its most severe penalty. The government contested this power and on 19 March 1543 the council decided that all sentencing would be carried out by the government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cottret|2000|pp=165–166}}; {{Harvnb|Parker|2006|pp=108–111}}</ref>

[[File:Façade de la cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Genève.jpg|thumb|left|Calvin preached at [[St. Pierre Cathedral]], the main church in Geneva.|266x266px]]

In 1542, Calvin adapted a service book used in Strasbourg, publishing ''La Forme des Prières et Chants Ecclésiastiques'' (The Form of Prayers and Church Hymns). Calvin recognized the power of music and he intended that it be used to support scripture readings. The original Strasbourg [[psalter]] contained twelve psalms by [[Clément Marot]] and Calvin added several more hymns of his own composition in the Geneva version. At the end of 1542, Marot became a refugee in Geneva and contributed nineteen more psalms. [[Louis Bourgeois (composer)|Louis Bourgeois]], also a refugee, lived and taught music in Geneva for sixteen years and Calvin took the opportunity to add his hymns, the most famous being the [[Old Hundredth]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Cottret|2000|pp=172–174}}; {{Harvnb|Parker|2006|pp=112–115}}</ref>

In the same year of 1542, Calvin published ''Catéchisme de l'Eglise de Genève'' (Catechism of the Church of Geneva), which was inspired by Bucer's ''Kurze Schrifftliche Erklärung'' of 1534. Calvin had written an earlier [[catechism]] during his first stay in Geneva which was largely based on [[Martin Luther]]'s [[Large Catechism]]. The first version was arranged pedagogically, describing Law, Faith, and Prayer. The 1542 version was rearranged for theological reasons, covering Faith first, then Law and Prayer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cottret|2000|pp=170–171}}</ref>

Historians debate the extent to which Geneva was a [[theocracy]]. On the one hand, Calvin's theology clearly called for separation between church and state. Other historians have stressed the enormous political power wielded on a daily basis by the clerics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark J. Larson|title=Calvin's Doctrine of the State: A Reformed Doctrine and Its American Trajectory, The Revolutionary War, and the Founding of the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItFLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Wipf and Stock|pages=1–20|isbn=978-1-60608-073-3|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915225800/https://books.google.com/books?id=ItFLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Harro Höpfl, ''The Christian Polity of John Calvin'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985)</ref>

[[File:Idelette Calvin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Idelette Calvin|Idelette]] and Calvin had no children survive infancy.]]

During his ministry in Geneva, Calvin preached over two thousand sermons. Initially he preached twice on Sunday and three times during the week. This proved to be too heavy a burden and late in 1542 the council allowed him to preach only once on Sunday. In October 1549, he was again required to preach twice on Sundays and, in addition, every weekday of alternate weeks. His sermons lasted more than an hour and he did not use notes. An occasional secretary tried to record his sermons, but very little of his preaching was preserved before 1549. In that year, professional scribe Denis Raguenier, who had learned or developed a system of shorthand, was assigned to record all of Calvin's sermons. An analysis of his sermons by T. H. L. Parker suggests that Calvin was a consistent preacher and his style changed very little over the years.<ref>{{Harvnb|DeVries|2004|pp=106–124}}; {{Harvnb|Parker|2006|pp=116–123}}</ref><ref>See also {{Citation | last = Parker | first =T. H. L. | title = The Oracles of God: An Introduction to the Preaching of John Calvin | publisher=James Clarke Company | year =2002 | place = Cambridge| isbn = 978-0-227-17091-5}}</ref> John Calvin was also known for his thorough manner of working his way through the Bible in consecutive sermons. From March 1555 to July 1556, Calvin delivered two hundred sermons on [[Deuteronomy]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Currid | first = John D. | title = Calvin and the Biblical Languages | publisher= Christian Focus Publications | year = 2006 | place = UK| isbn=978-1-84550-212-6}}</ref>

[[Voltaire]] wrote about Calvin, [[Martin Luther|Luther]] and [[Zwingli]], "If they condemned celibacy in the priests, and opened the gates of the convents, it was only to turn all society into a convent. Shows and entertainments were expressly forbidden by their religion; and for more than two hundred years there was not a single musical instrument allowed in the city of Geneva. They condemned auricular confession, but they enjoined a public one; and in Switzerland, Scotland, and Geneva it was performed the same as penance."<ref>{{cite web |author=Voltaire, 1694–1778 |title=The works of Voltaire: Volume XXVII. Ancient and Modern History. 4. Charles V., 1512 – Philip II., 1584 |url=http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/Universal-Literature/Voltaire-Works/Works-of-Voltaire-Volume-27.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211302/http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/Universal-Literature/Voltaire-Works/Works-of-Voltaire-Volume-27.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=13 September 2015 |work=cristoraul.com}}</ref>

Very little is known about Calvin's personal life in Geneva. His house and furniture were owned by the council. The house was big enough to accommodate his family as well as Antoine's family and some servants. On 28 July 1542, Idelette gave birth to a son, Jacques, but he was born prematurely and survived only briefly. Idelette fell ill in 1545 and died on 29 March 1549. Calvin never married again. He expressed his sorrow in a letter to Viret:

<blockquote>I have been bereaved of the best friend of my life, of one who, if it has been so ordained, would willingly have shared not only my poverty but also my death. During her life she was the faithful helper of my ministry. From her I never experienced the slightest hindrance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parker|2006|pp=129–130}}</ref></blockquote>

Throughout the rest of his life in Geneva, he maintained several friendships from his early years including Montmor, Cordier, Cop, Farel, Melanchthon and Bullinger.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cottret|2000|pp=183–184}}; {{Harvnb|Parker|2006|p=131}}</ref>