Iowa Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control=== {{Main|Missouri Territory}} [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Meskwaki, many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory.<ref name="mckusick2009" /><ref>Prucha, Francis P. (1969) ''The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783β1846''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was defeated by British-supported Indigenous people in 1813 during the [[War of 1812]], and [[Fort Shelby (Wisconsin)|Fort Shelby]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]], also fell to the British. [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]] took part in the siege of Fort Madison.<ref>Jackson, Donald (1960), ''A Critic's View of Old Fort Madison'', Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1) pp.31β36</ref><ref>Black Hawk (1882) ''Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk.'' Continental Printing, St. Louis. (Originally published 1833)</ref> Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present-day [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]]. This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813, but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid-1830s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens |date=1879 |publisher=Western Historical Co. |location=Chicago |page=531 }}</ref> After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of [[Fort Armstrong, Illinois|Fort Armstrong]], [[Fort Snelling]] in [[Minnesota]], and [[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)|Fort Atkinson]] in [[Nebraska]].<ref name="iowaforts">{{cite book|editor-last=Whittaker|editor-first=William E.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682β1862|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page