Greece

=== Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD) ===
{{Main|Greece in the Roman era}}
{{See also|Roman Empire}}
[[File:0142 - Archaeological Museum, Athens - Antikythera mechanism - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 11 2009.jpg|thumb|The [[Antikythera mechanism]] (c. 100 BC) is considered to be the first known mechanical [[analog computer]] ([[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]).]]
From about 200 BC the [[Ancient Rome|Roman Republic]] became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a [[Macedonian Wars|series of wars with Macedon]].<ref name= Flower>{{cite book | title=The Roman Republic | editor-last=Flower | editor-first=Harriet | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-521-00390-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/248 248, 258] | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/248 }}</ref> Macedon's defeat at the [[Battle of Pydna]] in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Britannica | contribution = Antigonid dynasty | year = 2008 | edition = online}}</ref> In 146 BC, Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.<ref name=Flower /><ref name=Ward>{{cite book |title=A history of the Roman people |last1=Ward |first1=Allen Mason |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-13-038480-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofromanpe00alle/page/276 276] |publisher=Prentice Hall |display-authors=etal |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofromanpe00alle/page/276 }}</ref>

The process was completed in 27 BC when emperor [[Augustus]] annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the [[senatorial province]] of [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]].<ref name=Ward /> Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became [[Greco-Roman world|heavily influenced]] by Greek culture, hence [[Horace]]'s famous statement: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive".<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Rome: An Introductory History |last=Zoch |first=Paul | year= 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8061-3287-7 |page=136 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&pg=PA136 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> The epics of [[Homer]] inspired the [[Aeneid]] of [[Virgil]], and authors such as [[Seneca the Younger]] wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as [[Scipio Africanus]], studied philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most [[Roman emperor]]s admired things Greek in nature. Emperor [[Nero]] visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the [[Ancient Olympic Games]], while [[Hadrian]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=R. Birley |title=Hadrian: The Restless Emperor |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-16544-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV8hBcCnYaIC&pg=PA16 |pages=16–17}}</ref> served as an [[eponymous archon]] of Athens, before becoming emperor.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Kouremenos|first=Anna |year=2022 |section=The City of Hadrian and not of Theseus: A cultural history of Hadrian's Arch |title=The Province of Achaea in the 2nd Century CE: The Past Present |location=London |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.academia.edu/43746490/_Forthcoming_The_City_of_Hadrian_and_not_of_Theseus_A_Cultural_History_of_Hadrians_Arch}}</ref>

[[File:Athen Odeon Herodes Atticus BW 2017-10-09 13-12-44.jpg|thumb|The [[Odeon of Herodes Atticus]] in Athens, built in 161 AD]]

Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenised East were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,<ref>{{cite book | title= Backgrounds of Early Christianity | last = Ferguson | first = Everett | year = 2003 |isbn= 978-0-8028-2221-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC&pg=PA617 |pages= 617–18| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans }}</ref> and Christianity's early leaders and writers were mostly Greek-speaking, though not from Greece itself.<ref>{{cite book | title= Ancient Rome | last = Dunstan | first = William | year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7425-6834-1 |page=500 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&pg=PA500 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> The [[New Testament]] was written in Greek, and some sections attest to the importance of churches in Greece in [[early Christianity]]. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD,<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Christian Art and Architecture |last = Milburn |first=Robert |year=1992 |page=158 |publisher = University of California Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&q=early%20christianity%20greece&pg=PA158 |access-date=29 April 2012|isbn = 9780520074125 }}</ref> when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor [[Theodosius I]] in 391–392.<ref name="FriellWilliams2005">{{cite book|author1=Gerard Friell|author2=Peabody Professor of North American Archaeology and Ethnography Emeritus Stephen Williams|author3=Stephen Williams|title=Theodosius: The Empire at Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ|date=8 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-78262-7|page=105}}</ref> The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393,<ref name="Perrottet2004">{{cite book|author=Tony Perrottet|title=The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2VPMUBAxUUC&pg=PA190|access-date=1 April 2013|date=8 June 2004|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-58836-382-4|pages=190–}}</ref> and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed.<ref name="Evans2005" /><ref name="Evans2005">{{cite book|author=James Allan Stewart Evans|title=The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC|date=January 2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32582-3|pages=65–70}}</ref><ref name="Haldon1990">{{cite book|author=J. F. Haldon|title=Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31917-1|page=329}}</ref> The closure of the [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonic]] Academy of Athens by Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the academy continued.<ref name="Evans2005" /><ref>{{cite book |title= Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present |last=Makrides |first=Nikolaos |year=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9568-2 |page=206 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC&q=10th%20century&pg=PA17 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref>
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