Evolution Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Gene flow === {{further|Gene flow}} Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations and between species.<ref name="Morjan C, Rieseberg L 2004 1341β56">{{cite journal |last1=Morjan |first1=Carrie L. |last2=Rieseberg |first2=Loren H. |author-link2=Loren H. Rieseberg |date=June 2004 |title=How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1341β1356 |pmid=15140081 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmc=2600545|bibcode=2004MolEc..13.1341M }}</ref> It can therefore be a source of variation that is new to a population or to a species. Gene flow can be caused by the movement of individuals between separate populations of organisms, as might be caused by the movement of mice between inland and coastal populations, or the movement of [[pollen]] between heavy-metal-tolerant and heavy-metal-sensitive populations of grasses. Gene transfer between species includes the formation of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] organisms and [[horizontal gene transfer]]. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boucher |first1=Yan |last2=Douady |first2=Christophe J. |last3=Papke |first3=R. Thane |last4=Walsh |first4=David A. |last5=Boudreau |first5=Mary Ellen R. |last6=Nesbo |first6=Camilla L. |last7=Case |first7=Rebecca J. |last8=Doolittle |first8=W. Ford |date=December 2003 |title=Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups |journal=[[Annual Review of Genetics]] |volume=37 |pages=283β328 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247 |issn=0066-4197 |pmid=14616063 |display-authors=3}}</ref> In medicine, this contributes to the spread of [[antibiotic resistance]], as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.<ref name="GeneticEvolution">{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Timothy R. |date=October 2006 |title=Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance |journal=[[Current Opinion (Elsevier)|Current Opinion in Microbiology]] |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=476β482 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009 |issn=1369-5274 |pmid=16942901}}</ref> Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and the adzuki bean weevil ''[[Callosobruchus chinensis]]'' has occurred.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kondo |first1=Natsuko |last2=Nikoh |first2=Naruo |last3=Ijichi |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Shimada |first4=Masakazu |last5=Fukatsu |first5=Takema |date=29 October 2002 |title=Genome fragment of ''Wolbachia'' endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect |journal=PNAS |volume=99 |issue=22 |pages=14280β14285 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9914280K |doi=10.1073/pnas.222228199 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=137875 |pmid=12386340 |display-authors=3|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sprague | first=George F. Jr. |date=December 1991 |title=Genetic exchange between kingdoms |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=530β533 |doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5 |issn=0959-437X |pmid=1822285}}</ref> An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic [[Bdelloidea|bdelloid rotifers]], which have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi and plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gladyshev |first1=Eugene A. |last2=Meselson |first2=Matthew |author-link2=Matthew Meselson |last3=Arkhipova |first3=Irina R. |s2cid=11862013 |date=30 May 2008 |title=Massive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bdelloid Rotifers |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=320 |issue=5880 |pages=1210β1213 |bibcode=2008Sci...320.1210G |doi=10.1126/science.1156407 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=18511688 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3120157 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730090619/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3120157 |url-status=live }}</ref> Viruses can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across [[Domain (biology)|biological domains]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baldo |first1=Angela M. |last2=McClure |first2=Marcella A. |date=September 1999 |title=Evolution and Horizontal Transfer of dUTPase-Encoding Genes in Viruses and Their Hosts |journal=[[Journal of Virology]] |volume=73 |issue=9 |pages=7710β7721 |issn=0022-538X |pmc=104298 |pmid=10438861|doi=10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999 }}</ref> Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of [[eukaryotic cell]]s and bacteria, during the acquisition of [[chloroplast]]s and [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]. It is possible that eukaryotes themselves originated from horizontal gene transfers between bacteria and [[archaea]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Maria C. |last2=Lake |first2=James A. |author-link2=James A. Lake |date=9 September 2004 |title=The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-09-09_431_7005/page/152 |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7005 |pages=152β155 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..152R |doi=10.1038/nature02848 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=15356622|s2cid=4349149 }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page