Doctor of Philosophy Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===History in the United Kingdom === [[File:PhD graduand shaking hands with Sir Dominic Cadbury, the Chancellor of the University of Birmingham - 20120705.jpg|thumb|A new PhD graduate from the [[University of Birmingham]], wearing a [[Tudor bonnet|doctor's bonnet]], shakes hands with the Chancellor.]] Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc or ScD) and other such "higher doctorates". The [[University of London]] introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced study course, following on directly from the BSc, rather than a research degree. The first higher doctorate in the modern sense was [[Durham University]]'s DSc, introduced in 1882.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tina Barnes |url=http://www.ukcge.ac.uk/media/Download.aspx?MediaId=1328 |title=Higher Doctorates in the UK 2013 |date=2013 |publisher=UK Council for Graduate Education |isbn=978-0-9563812-7-9 |page=6 |format=PDF |quote=The UK higher doctorate has a long history with the first (a DSc) being offered by Durham University in 1882 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020142801/http://www.ukcge.ac.uk/Media/Download.aspx?MediaId=1328 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was soon followed by other universities, including the [[University of Cambridge]] establishing its ScD in the same year and the [[University of London]] transforming its DSc into a research degree in 1885. These were, however, very advanced degrees, rather than research-training degrees at the PhD level. [[Harold Jeffreys]] said that getting a Cambridge ScD was "more or less equivalent to being proposed for the Royal Society."<ref name="maths PhD history">{{Cite web |last=John Aldrich |title=The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Historical Notes for the Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103452/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> In 1917, the current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simpson, Renate |title=How the PhD came to Britain: A Century of Struggle for Postgraduate Education |date=June 1983 |publisher=Open University Press |isbn=978-0-900868-95-5}}</ref> The slightly older degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature/Letters still exist at British universities; together with the much older degrees of [[Doctor of Divinity]] (DD), [[Doctor of Music]] (DMus), [[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL), and [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD), they form the higher doctorates, but apart from honorary degrees, they are only infrequently awarded. In English (but not Scottish) universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century. Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals,<ref>C. Singer and S.W.F. Holloway, Early Medical Education in England in Relation to the Pre-History of the University of London, Med Hist. 1960 January; 4(1): 1–17.</ref> the legal training for the common law system was provided by the [[Inns of Court]] (with some minor exceptions, see [[Doctors' Commons]]), and few students undertook formal study in theology. This contrasted with the situation in the continental European universities at the time, where the preparatory role of the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts was to a great extent taken over by secondary education: in modern France, the [[Baccalauréat]] is the examination taken at the end of secondary studies. The reforms at the [[Humboldt University]] transformed the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts (and its more recent successors such as the Faculty of Sciences) from a lower faculty into one on a par with the Faculties of Law and Medicine. Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in the early 21st century, many European countries (e.g., Belgium, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries) had in all faculties triple degree structures of bachelor (or candidate) − licentiate − doctor as opposed to bachelor − master − doctor; the meaning of the different degrees varied from country to country, however. To this day, this is also still the case for the pontifical degrees in theology and canon law; for instance, in [[sacred theology]], the degrees are [[Bachelor of Sacred Theology]] (STB), [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology]] (STL), and [[Doctor of Sacred Theology]] (STD), and in [[canon law]]: [[Bachelor of Canon Law]] (JCB), [[Licentiate of Canon Law]] (JCL), and [[Doctor of Canon Law]] (JCD). Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page