Czech Republic

=== Czechoslovakia ===
{{Main|History of Czechoslovakia}}[[File:Czechoslovakia I.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[First Czechoslovak Republic]] comprised 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary and nearly 80% of the industry.<ref name="Stephen J. Lee. Page 107." />|alt=]]In 1918, during the collapse of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] at the end of World War I, the independent republic of [[Czechoslovakia]], which joined the winning Allied powers, was created, with [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] in the lead.<ref>Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue – vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, pages 22–81, 85–86, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–209.</ref> This new country incorporated the [[Bohemian Crown]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tab. 3 Národnost československých státních příslušníků podle žup a zemí k 15 February 1921 |url=http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb.nsf/i/8BE4678613181F2AC1256E66004C77DD/$File/tab3_21.pdf |publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]] |language=cs |access-date=2 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605105429/http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb.nsf/i/8BE4678613181F2AC1256E66004C77DD/%24File/tab3_21.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[First Czechoslovak Republic]] comprised only 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary, but nearly 80% of the industry, which enabled it to compete with Western industrial states.<ref name="Stephen J. Lee. Page 107.">Stephen J. Lee. ''Aspects of European History 1789–1980''. Page 107. Chapter "Austria-Hungary and the successor states". [[Routledge]]. 28 January 2008.</ref> In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held 10th place in the world industrial production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blisty.cz/art/59458.html |title=Ekonomika ČSSR v letech padesátých a šedesátých |publisher=Blisty.cz |date=21 August 1968 |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707063441/http://www.blisty.cz/art/59458.html |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire 
interwar period.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dijk|first1=Ruud van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C|title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War|last2=Gray|first2=William Glenn|last3=Savranskaya|first3=Svetlana|last4=Suri|first4=Jeremi|last5=Zhai|first5=Qiang|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135923112|page=76|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052153/https://books.google.cz/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C|archive-date=22 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a [[unitary state]], it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being [[Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Germans]] (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%).<ref>{{cite book |last=Rothenbacher |first=Franz |date=2002 |title=The European Population 1850–1945|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, London. |page=145 |isbn=978-1-349-65611-0}}</ref>

[[File:Praga 11.jpg|thumb|left|Prague during the 1968 [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]]]]

Western Czechoslovakia was [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|occupied by Nazi Germany]], which placed most of the region into the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]. The Protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinated to Nazi Germany's ''[[Protector (title)|Reichsprotektor]]''. [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|One Nazi concentration camp]] was located within the Czech territory at [[Terezín]], north of Prague. The vast majority of the Protectorate's Jews were murdered in [[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi-run concentration camps]]. The Nazi {{Lang|de|[[Generalplan Ost]]}} called for the extermination, expulsion, [[Germanization]] or enslavement of most or all Czechs for the purpose of providing more [[Lebensraum|living space]] for the German people.<ref>[[Chad Bryant]] (2009) ''[https://www.amazon.com/Prague-Black-Nazi-Czech-Nationalism/dp/0674034597/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2EJVFZM8S7A68&keywords=prague+in+black+nazi+rule+and+czech+nationalism&qid=1640960562&sprefix=prague+in+black+%2Caps%2C745&sr=8-1 Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism]'' (Harvard University Press, 2009), pp 104–178. [[Timothy Snyder|Snyder, Timothy]] (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ks0WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]''. Basic Books. p. 160. {{ISBN|0465002390}}</ref> There was [[Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi occupation]] as well as reprisals against the Czechoslovaks for their anti-Nazi resistance. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the [[Prague uprising]].<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA409 A Companion to Russian History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906054042/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA409 |date=6 September 2015 }}''". Abbott Gleason (2009). Wiley-Blackwell. p.409. {{ISBN|1-4051-3560-3}}</ref> Most of Czechoslovakia's German-speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an "organized transfer" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the [[Potsdam Conference]].<ref>[[Chad Bryant]] (2009) ''[https://www.amazon.com/Prague-Black-Nazi-Czech-Nationalism/dp/0674034597/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2EJVFZM8S7A68&keywords=prague+in+black+nazi+rule+and+czech+nationalism&qid=1640960562&sprefix=prague+in+black+%2Caps%2C745&sr=8-1 Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism]'' (Harvard University Press, 2009), 208–252.</ref>

In the [[Czechoslovakian parliamentary election, 1946|1946 elections]], the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist Party]] gained 38%<ref>F. Čapka: [http://www.libri.cz/databaze/dejiny/text/t98.html Dějiny zemí Koruny české v datech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620225613/http://www.libri.cz/databaze/dejiny/text/t98.html |date=20 June 2008}}. XII. Od lidově demokratického po socialistické Československo – pokračování. Libri.cz {{in lang|cs}}</ref> of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalition with other parties, and consolidated power. A [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état|coup d'état]] came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. For the [[History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)|next 41 years]], the Czechoslovak Communist state conformed to [[Eastern Bloc]] economic and political features.<ref>{{cite news|title=Czech schools revisit communism|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4388764.stm|url-status=live|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804202643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4388764.stm|archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Prague Spring]] political liberalization was stopped by the 1968 [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]]. Analysts believe that the invasion caused the communist movement to fracture, ultimately leading to the Revolutions of 1989.
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