Communication studies

=== In Canada ===
With the early influence of federal institutional inquiries, notably the 1951 ''Massey Commission'',<ref name="emc"/> which "investigated the overall state of culture in Canada",<ref name="emc">{{Cite web |title=Massey Commission  |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/massey-commission-emc |first1= J.D.M. |last1=Stewart |first2=Helmut |last2=Kallmann |first3= Andrew |last3=McIntosh  |orig-date= February 7, 2006 |date= November 12, 2019 |access-date=2018-10-25 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> the study of communication in Canada has frequently focused on the development of a cohesive national culture, and on infrastructural empires of social and material circulation. Although influenced by the American Communication tradition and [[British Cultural Studies]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Cultural Studies |url=https://people.ucalgary.ca/~rseiler/british.htm |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=people.ucalgary.ca}}</ref> Communication studies in Canada has been more directly oriented toward the state and the policy apparatus, for example the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) |date=2014-03-21 |title=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission |url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/home-accueil.htm |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=crtc.gc.ca}}</ref> Influential thinkers from the Canadian communication tradition include [[Harold Innis]], [[Marshall McLuhan]], Florian Sauvageau, Gertrude Robinson, Marc Raboy, [[Dallas Smythe]], [[James R. Taylor]], [[François Cooren]], [[Gail Guthrie Valaskakis]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]].

Communication studies within Canada are a relatively new discipline, however, there are programs and departments to support and teach this topic in about 13 Canadian universities and many colleges as well.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Communication Studies  |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communication-studies |first1= Liora |last1=Salter |orig-date= December 3, 2012 |date= March 4, 2015 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> The Communication et information from Laval, and the Canadian Journal of Communication from McGill University in Montréal, are two journals that exist in Canada.<ref name=":7" /> There are also organizations and associations, both national and in Québec, that appeal to the specific interests that are targeted towards these academics.<ref name=":7" /> These specific journals consist of representatives from the industry of communication, the government, and members of the public as a whole.<ref name=":7" />