Chicago

===20th and 21st centuries===
====1900 to 1939====
[[File:Chicago Photographed from Ray Knabenshue's Dirigible Air Ship.webm|thumb|upright=1|Aerial motion film photography of Chicago in 1914 as filmed by [[A. Roy Knabenshue]]]]
During [[World War I]] and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the [[Southern United States]]. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth Anne |title=Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |journal=Bentley Historical Library Bulletin |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=December 5, 2013 |volume=40 |year=1993}}</ref> This [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] had an immense cultural impact, called the [[Chicago Black Renaissance]], part of the [[New Negro Movement]], in art, literature, and music.<ref>{{cite book |author=Darlene Clark Hine |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/240.html |chapter=Chicago Black Renaissance |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |year=2005 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083203/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/240.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the [[Chicago race riot of 1919]], also occurred.<ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Essig |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html |chapter=Race Riots |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |year=2005 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623041337/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] was repealed. The 1920s saw [[American gangsters during the 1920s|gangsters]], including [[Al Capone]], [[Dion O'Banion]], [[Bugs Moran]] and [[Tony Accardo]] battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition era]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gang (crime)&nbsp;– History |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |year=2009 |access-date=June 1, 2009 |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416115239/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago was the location of the infamous [[St. Valentine's Day Massacre]] in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=John |title=The St. Valentine's Day Massacre |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story |access-date=April 12, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021619/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Breaking the Landlords' Lease on Peace.jpg|thumb|Chicago tenants picket against rent increases (March 1920)]]
From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant [[rent strike]]s in it. Which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68&nbsp;°F during winter months by landlords.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robbins |first=Mark W. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.9343785 |title=Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America |date=2017 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-13033-7 |chapter=5. Rent War! Middle-Class Tenant Organizing |doi=10.3998/mpub.9343785 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.9343785 |access-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404195206/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.9343785 |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 1921 |title=U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted: Some Landlords Admit "Error" in Income |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/355006626/?terms=rent%20war&match=1 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 1921 |title=Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate: One Measure Gives Tenants 60 Days In Which to Vacate Property |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/767447025/?terms=rent%20hog&match=1 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |publisher=Belleville Daily Advocate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 1921 |title=Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/354940800/?match=1&terms=heat%20ordinance |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |publisher=Chicago Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 1922 |title=Fine Landlord $25 In Test Case on New Heat Law |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/355236786/?match=1&terms=heat%20law |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |publisher=Chicago Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-30 |title=Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance - The RentConfident Blog - RentConfident, Chicago IL |url=https://blog.rentconfident.com/2823/progress-by-degrees-a-history-of-the-chicago-heat-ordinance/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034732/https://blog.rentconfident.com/2823/progress-by-degrees-a-history-of-the-chicago-heat-ordinance/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the [[Society for Human Rights]]. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, ''[[Friendship and Freedom]]''. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline: Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/stonewall/ |work=PBS |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522061316/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/stonewall/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone, 02-1931 - NARA - 541927.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Men outside a soup kitchen during the [[Great Depression]] (1931)]]

The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]].<ref name="Great Depression"/>

From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.<ref name="Great Depression">{{cite web |title=Great Depression |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/542.html |website=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago History Museum |access-date=April 27, 2018 |archive-date=April 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411165807/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/542.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with [[Unemployed Councils]] contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the [[Workers Alliance of America]] begun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the [[Memorial Day massacre of 1937]] in the neighborhood of East Side.

In 1933, Chicago Mayor [[Anton Cermak]] was fatally wounded in [[Miami, Florida]], during a [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots#Franklin D. Roosevelt|failed assassination]] attempt on President-elect [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the [[Century of Progress]] International Exposition [[World's Fair]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_cop.php?CISOROOT=/uic_cop |title=Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933–1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home |publisher=Collections.carli.illinois.edu |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172313/http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_cop.php?CISOROOT=/uic_cop |url-status=live }}</ref> The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert W. Rydell |chapter-url=http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html |chapter=Century of Progress Exposition |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514034330/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====1940 to 1979====
[[File:Chicago Blackhawks - Chicago Picaso (4838269639).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Chicago Picasso]] (1967) inspired a new era in urban public art.]]
During [[World War II]], the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than [[Nazi Germany]] from 1943 – 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago's Long and Extraordinary Labor History |url=https://ibew.org/ibew40thconvention/DailyArticles/2205/220427_Labor-History |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=ibew.org}}</ref>
[[File:1968 Democratic National Convention, Chicago. Sept 68 C15 8 1313, Photo by Bea A Corson, Chicago. Purchased at estate sale in 2011 by Victor Grigas Released Public Domain.tiff|thumb|upright=1|Protesters in [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]] outside the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]]]]
The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the [[Second Great Migration (African American)|second wave]], as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.<ref>{{cite web |title=World War II |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1384.html |website=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago History Museum |access-date=April 27, 2018 |archive-date=March 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328181817/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1384.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On December 2, 1942, physicist [[Enrico Fermi]] conducted the world's first controlled [[Chicago Pile-1|nuclear reaction]] at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret [[Manhattan Project]]. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in [[World War II]] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |title=CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor) |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml |work=Argonne National Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508171228/https://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]], a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of [[political machine|machine politics]]. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Szymczak |first=Patricia |date=June 18, 1989 |title=O'Hare suburbs under fire |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-18-8902100436-story.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720015834/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-18-8902100436-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as [[white flight]] – as Blacks continued to move beyond the [[Black Belt (region of Chicago)|Black Belt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steffes |first=Tracey L |date=2015 |title=Managing School Integration and White Flight: The Debate over Chicago's Future in the 1960's |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566970 |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=42 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/0096144214566970 |s2cid=147531740 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112327/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144214566970 |url-status=live }}</ref> While home loan discriminatory [[redlining]] against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as [[blockbusting]], completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.<ref name="Mehlhorn">{{cite journal |last=Mehlhorn |first=Dmitri |title=A Requiem for Blockbusting: Law, Economics, and Race-Based Real Estate Speculation |journal=Fordham Law Review |volume=67 |pages=1145–1161 |date=December 1998}}</ref> Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Albert Raby]] led the [[Chicago Freedom Movement]], which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lentz |first=Richard |title=Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King |year=1990 |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=0-8071-2524-5 |page=230}}
</ref>

Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mailer |first=Norman |title=Brief History Of Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml |work=Facts on File, CQ's Guide to U.S. Elections |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318074348/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the [[Willis Tower]], which in 1974 became the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]), [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], [[McCormick Place]], and [[O'Hare International Airport]], were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |title=The Fix – Hall of Fame – The Case for Richard J. Daley |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-the-case-for-rich.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=April 22, 2013 |archive-date=February 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201063930/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-the-case-for-rich.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979, [[Jane Byrne]], the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden [[Cabrini-Green]] housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dold |first=R. Bruce |title=Jane Byrne elected mayor of Chicago |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-byrne-story,0,7583194.story |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=February 27, 1979 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715034553/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-byrne-story,0,7583194.story |url-status=live }}</ref>

====1980 to present====
In 1983, [[Harold Washington]] became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivlin |first=Gary |title=The legend of Harold Washington |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-25/news/ct-oped-1125-washington-20121125_1_harold-washington-first-african-american-mayor-economic-development |access-date=April 12, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 25, 2012 |author2=Larry Bennett |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510035458/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-25/news/ct-oped-1125-washington-20121125_1_harold-washington-first-african-american-mayor-economic-development |url-status=live }}</ref> Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson [[Eugene Sawyer]], who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.

[[Richard M. Daley]], son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for [[sustainable development]], as well as closing [[Meigs Field]] in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago and the Legacy of the Daley Dynasty |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2016992,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911050717/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2016992,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2010 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=April 12, 2013 |date=September 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Building Museum to honor Daley for greening of Chicago |url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/04/national-building-museum-to-honor-daley-and-chicago-for-the-greening-of-chicago-.html |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=April 12, 2013 |date=April 8, 2009 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510023109/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/04/national-building-museum-to-honor-daley-and-chicago-for-the-greening-of-chicago-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1992, a construction accident near the [[Kinzie Street Bridge]] produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an [[Chicago Tunnel Company|abandoned freight tunnel system]] extending throughout the downtown [[Chicago Loop|Loop]] district. The [[Chicago flood|tunnels filled]] with {{convert|250|e6USgal|m3|-6}} of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news |title=1992 Loop Flood Brings Chaos, Billions In Losses |publisher=CBS2 Chicago |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/vault/local_story_104140940.html |date=April 14, 2007 | access-date = January 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231222/http://cbs2chicago.com/vault/local_story_104140940.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95&nbsp;billion.<ref name="CBS2"/>

On February 23, 2011, [[Rahm Emanuel]], a former [[White House Chief of Staff]] and member of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], won the mayoral election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/41715205 |title=News: Rahm Emanuel wins Chicago mayoral race |work=NBC News |date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601010954/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41715205 |url-status=live }}</ref> Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tareen |first1=Sophia |last2=Burnett |first2=Sarah |title=Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel wins 2nd term in runoff victory |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chicago-mayor-rahm-emanuel-wins-2nd-term-in-runoff-victory-2015-4 |website=Business Insider |access-date=April 3, 2019 |date=April 7, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403015441/https://www.businessinsider.com/chicago-mayor-rahm-emanuel-wins-2nd-term-in-runoff-victory-2015-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lori Lightfoot]], the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |last2=Smith |first2=Mitch |last3=Davey |first3=Monica |title=Lori Lightfoot Is Elected Chicago Mayor, Becoming First Black Woman to Lead City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/chicago-election-results.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/chicago-election-results.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |access-date=April 3, 2019 |date=April 2, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was [[Anna M. Valencia|Anna Valencia]] and the city treasurer was [[Melissa Conyears|Melissa Conyears-Ervin]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/with-mayor-lori-lightfoots-inauguration-3-women-of-color-now-hold-top-citywide-offices-chicago-was-ready-for-this/ar-AABDWHV |title=With Mayor Lori Lightfoot's inauguration, 3 women of color now hold top citywide offices: 'Chicago was ready for this' | last=Perez | first=Juan Jr. |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=May 21, 2019 |via=MSN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713152154/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/with-mayor-lori-lightfoots-inauguration-3-women-of-color-now-hold-top-citywide-offices-chicago-was-ready-for-this/ar-AABDWHV |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On May 15, 2023, [[Brandon Johnson]] assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.
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