Cameroon

===French and British rule===
{{main|French Cameroon|British Cameroon}}
[[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of the pro-independence [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon|UPC]]]]
With the defeat of Germany in [[World War I]], Kamerun became a [[League of Nations mandate]] territory and was split into [[French Cameroon]] ({{lang-fr|Cameroun}}) and [[British Cameroon]] in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France<ref name="DeLancey 5">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 5.</ref> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of forced labour.<ref name="DeLancey 125"/>

The British administered their territory from neighbouring [[Nigeria]]. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 4.</ref> The League of Nations mandates were converted into [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|United Nations Trusteeships]] in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.<ref name="DeLancey 5"/>

France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] (''Union des Populations du Cameroun''; UPC), on 13 July 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Terretta | first1 = M. | title = Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra | doi = 10.1017/S0021853710000253 | journal = The Journal of African History | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–212 | year = 2010 | s2cid = 154604590 }}</ref> This prompted a [[Bamileke War|long guerrilla war]] waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including [[Ruben Um Nyobè]], [[Félix-Roland Moumié]] and [[Ernest Ouandie]]. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Takougang | first1 = J. | title = Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon | doi = 10.1080/0258900032000142455 | journal = Journal of Contemporary African Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–445 | year = 2003 | s2cid = 153564848 }}</ref>