Bill Clinton

===Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy===
During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.<ref>{{cite book|author=Neil A. Hamilton|title=Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfbt5NXvF64C&pg=PA366|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0816-2|page=366}}</ref> While at Oxford, he participated in [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|Vietnam War protests]] and organized a [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] event in October 1969.<ref name="My Life" /> He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] and the [[Air Force Officer Training School|Air Force officer candidate school]], and he then made arrangements to join the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC) program at the [[University of Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven M. Gillon|title=The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry that Defined a Generation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-U2IzI2r5YC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-532278-1|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=David|date=January 6, 2003|title=Was Bill Clinton a 'Felonious Draft Dodger'?|url= https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/clinton-draft-pardon/|access-date=January 31, 2021|agency=Snopes}}</ref>

He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way "to maintain my political viability within the system".<ref>{{cite news | first=Bill | last=Clinton | agency=The Associated Press | title=The 1992 Campaign; A Letter By Clinton On His Draft Deferment: 'A War I Opposed And Despised' | work=The New York Times | date=February 13, 1992 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/13/us/1992-campaign-letter-clinton-his-draft-deferment-war-opposed-despised.html | access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers{{nbsp}}1 to 310 would be [[Draft lottery (1969)|drafted]] before him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.)<ref>{{cite news |last=Lauter |first=David |date=February 13, 1992 |title=Clinton Releases '69 Letter on ROTC and Draft Status |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-13/news/mn-2993_1_vietnam-war/2 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Eugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued a [[notarize]]d statement during the 1992 presidential campaign:{{block indent|I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fulbright's office that Bill Clinton, a Rhodes Scholar, should be admitted to the [[ROTC]] program&nbsp;... I believe that he purposely deceived me, using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification.<ref name="Morris1999">{{cite book | last=Morris | first=Roger | title=Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq96BQV5lF4C&pg=PA100| date=April 25, 1999 | publisher=Regnery Publishing | isbn=978-0-89526-302-5 | page=100}}</ref>}}

During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Navy Reserve]], which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/democrat/clinton/skeletons/draft.shtml | title = Clinton's Draft Deferrment | work=CNN |year= 1997 | access-date = June 19, 2014 }}</ref> Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/etc/draftletter.html | title=Bill Clinton's Draft Letter | work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] | publisher=PBS | date=November 23, 1991 | access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Frammolino | first=Ralph | url =http://articles.latimes.com/1992-04-06/news/mn-447_1_draft-board | title = ROTC Officer Unaware of Draft Notice: Clinton: The man whose action kept the future governor in school says he was not told of 1969 induction letter. Draft board insists none was sent | work=Los Angeles Times | date=April 6, 1992 | access-date = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> Clinton's 1992 campaign manager, [[James Carville]], successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position.<ref>Public Broadcasting System, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/interviews/carville.html Frontline: Interview with James Carville], 2000.</ref>