Argentina

=== Independence and civil wars ===
{{Main|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine Civil Wars}}
[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of General [[José de San Martin]], "the [[Libertadores|Liberator]] of Argentina, Chile and [[Peru]]"<ref>John Lynch, ''San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero'' (2009)</ref>|alt=Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag]]
Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–97|2ps=: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]] replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First Junta]], a new government in [[Buenos Aires]] made up from locals.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution in Córdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82–83}} The French-Argentine [[Hippolyte Bouchard]] then brought his fleet to wage war against Spain overseas and attacked [[Spanish California]], [[Spanish Peru]] and [[Spanish Philippines]]. He secured the allegiance of escaped Filipinos in San Blas who defected from the Spanish to join the Argentine navy, due to common Argentine and Philippine grievances against Spanish colonization.<ref>Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.</ref><ref>Mercene, Manila men, p. 52.</ref> Jose de San Martin's brother, [[Juan Fermín de San Martín]], was already in the Philippines and drumming up revolutionary fervor prior to this.<ref name=ins>[http://www.sanmartiniano.gov.ar/documentos/documento004.php ''Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964)'']{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630220442/http://www.sanmartiniano.gov.ar/documentos/documento004.php|date=30 June 2015}} Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano</ref> At a later date, the Argentine sign of Inca origin, the [[Sun of May]] was adopted as a symbol by the Filipinos in the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Philippine Revolution]] against Spain. He also secured the diplomatic recognition of Argentina from King [[Kamehameha I]] of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. Historian Pacho O'Donnell affirms that Hawaii was the first state that recognized Argentina's independence.{{sfn|O'Donnell|1998}}He was finally arrested in 1819 by Chilean patriots.

Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} The [[Assembly of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina's first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}}

On 9 July 1816, the [[Congress of Tucumán]] formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]],{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} which is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/feriados |title=Feriados nacionales 2018 |trans-title=National Holidays 2018 |publisher=Argentina Ministry of the Interior |language=es |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011015/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/feriados |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> One year later General [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]] stopped royalists on the north, and General [[José de San Martín]] He joined [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] and they led a combined army [[Crossing of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the independence of Chile; then it was sent by O'Higgins orders to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349–53}}{{efn-ua|San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of [[Simón Bolívar]] in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185–252}}}} In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]] that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}

Some of the most important figures of Argentine independence made a proposal known as the [[Inca plan]] of 1816, which proposed that [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] (Present Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a descendant of the [[Sapa Inca|Inca]]. Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of [[Túpac Amaru II]]) was proposed as monarch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/elobservador/juan-bautista-tupac-amaru-el-rey-que-argentina-pudo-tener-0067.phtml |title=Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923182044/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/elobservador/juan-bautista-tupac-amaru-el-rey-que-argentina-pudo-tener-0067.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Some examples of those who supported this proposal were [[Manuel Belgrano]], [[José de San Martín]] and [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]]. The [[Congress of Tucumán]] finally decided to reject the Inca plan, creating instead a republican, centralist state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2012/07/06/opinion/OPIN-04.html |title=El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923182044/https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2012/07/06/opinion/OPIN-04.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/04/sociedad/s-05001.htm |title=Plan del Inca |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173055/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/04/sociedad/s-05001.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the ''end of the Supreme Director rule''. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}} Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}} During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the Río de la Plata|French blockade]] (1838–1840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839), and an [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata|Anglo-French blockade]] (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46–47}} His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo José de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him out of power]]. As the new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48–50}}