Russia

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Russia}}
[[File:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840–1893), in a 1893 painting by [[Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (painter)|Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov]]]]
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.<ref name="Curtis-1998-4">{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Glenn E. |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/44.htm |title=Russia – Music |year=1998 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer [[Mikhail Glinka]] along with other members of [[The Mighty Handful]], who were later succeeded by the [[Belyayev circle]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Ellon D. |year=2002 |title=Review of A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar |jstor=900748 |journal=[[Notes (journal)|Notes]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=74–77 |doi=10.1353/not.2002.0113 |s2cid=191601515 |issn=0027-4380}}</ref> and the [[Russian Musical Society]] led by composers [[Anton Rubinstein|Anton]] and [[Nikolay Rubinstein]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garden |first=Edward |title=Classic and Romantic in Russian Music |jstor=732909 |volume=50 |number=1 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=153–157 |date=January 1969 |journal=[[Music & Letters]]|doi=10.1093/ml/L.1.153 }}</ref> The later tradition of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Alexander Glazunov]],<ref name="Curtis-1998-4"/> [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]] and [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], and later [[Edison Denisov]], [[Sofia Gubaidulina]],<ref name="music2"/> [[Georgy Sviridov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gillies |first=Richard Louis |title=Otchalivshaia Rus': Georgii Sviridov and the Soviet Betrayal of Rus' |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=97 |number=2 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |pages=227–265 |date=April 2019 |doi=10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.2.0227|s2cid=151076719 }}</ref> and [[Alfred Schnittke]].<ref name="music2"/>

During the Soviet era, [[popular music]] also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two [[Bard (Soviet Union)|balladeers]]—[[Vladimir Vysotsky]] and [[Bulat Okudzhava]],<ref name="music2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music |title=Russia – Music |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> and performers such as [[Alla Pugacheva]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse |title=A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Alison |last=Smale |date=28 February 2000 |access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Jazz]], even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<ref name="music2"/> By the 1980s, [[Rock music in Russia|rock music]] became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as [[Aria (band)|Aria]], [[Aquarium (band)|Aquarium]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia |title=Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia' |publisher=BBC |first=Sally |last=McGrane |date=21 October 2014 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> [[DDT (band)|DDT]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Pellegrinelli |first=Lara |url=https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground |title=DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=6 February 2008 |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> and [[Kino (band)|Kino]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html |title='Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R. |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |first=Coilin |last=O'Connor |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> the latter's leader [[Viktor Tsoi]], was in particular, a gigantic figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html |title=Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> [[Russian pop|Pop music]] has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as [[t.A.T.u.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html |title=Tatu bad to be true |work=[[The Age]] |date=14 June 2003 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref>