Apartheid

== International legal, political, and social uses of the term ==
The South African experience has given rise to the term "apartheid" being used in a number of contexts other than the South African system of racial segregation. For example: 
The "[[crime of apartheid]]" is defined in [[international law]], including in the 2007 [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|law]] that created the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), which names it as a [[crime against humanity]]. Even before the creation of the ICC, the UN [[International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid]], which came into force in 1976, enshrined into law the "crime of apartheid."<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of ''Apartheid''|url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf|website=[[un.org]]|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205130743/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf|url-status=live|id=[[United Nations General Assembly|G.A.]] res. 3068 (XXVIII)}}</ref>

The term apartheid [[Israel and apartheid|has been adopted]] by [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] rights advocates and by leading Israeli and other [[human rights organization]]s, referring to the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation in the West Bank]], legal treatment of [[Israeli settlement|illegal settlements]] and the [[Israeli West Bank barrier|West Bank barrier]].<ref>{{cite web|work=[[B'Tselem]] |date=12 January 2021 |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=NBC News |author=Smith, Saphora|date=12 January 2021 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/b-tselem-labels-israel-apartheid-regime-first-time-n1253863 |title=B'Tselem labels Israel an 'apartheid regime' for first time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508133850/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/b-tselem-labels-israel-apartheid-regime-first-time-n1253863 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=27 April 2021 |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution |title=A Threshold Crossed – Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428073809/https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution |archive-date=28 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56898864 |title=Israel committing crimes of apartheid and persecution - HRW |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508002602/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56898864 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live |date=27 April 2021}}</ref> Within the pre-1967 Israeli borders, Palestinian rights advocates have raised concern over discriminatory housing planning against Palestinian citizens of Israel, likening it to racial segregation.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=12 May 2020 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/israel-discriminatory-land-policies-hem-palestinians |title=Israel: Discriminatory Land Policies Hem in Palestinians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618190304/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/israel-discriminatory-land-policies-hem-palestinians |archive-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Others argue that the Israeli treatment of Palestinians does not fit the definition of apartheid as it is motivated by security considerations and has nothing to do with race.<ref>{{cite journal|work=Social Science Research Network (eJournal) |title=Why Allegations that Israel Is An 'Apartheid' State Are False under International Law |author1=Sekulow, Jay A. |author2=Ash, Robert W. |date=January 2023 |ssrn=4343950 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4343950}}</ref>

[[Social apartheid]] is segregation on the basis of class or economic status. For example, [[social apartheid in Brazil]] refers to the various aspects of economic inequality in Brazil. Social apartheid may fall into various categories. Economic and social discrimination because of gender is sometimes referred to as [[gender apartheid]]. Separation of people according to their religion, whether pursuant to official laws or pursuant to social expectations, is sometimes referred to as [[religious apartheid]]. Communities in northern Ireland for example, are often housed based on religion in a situation which has been described as "self-imposed apartheid".<ref>{{cite web|title=Self-imposed apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/apr/14/northernireland.societyhousing|author=O'Hara, Mary|date=14 April 2004|access-date=14 July 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211223645/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/apr/14/northernireland.societyhousing|url-status=live}}</ref>

The concept in [[occupational therapy]] that individuals, groups and communities can be deprived of meaningful and purposeful activity through segregation due to social, political, economic factors and for social status reasons, such as race, disability, age, gender, sexuality, religious preference, political preference, or creed, or due to war conditions, is sometimes known as [[occupational apartheid]].

A 2007 book by [[Harriet A. Washington]] on the history of [[Unethical human experimentation in the United States|medical experimentation]] on [[African American]]s is entitled ''[[Medical Apartheid]]''.

The disproportionate management and control of the world's economy and resources by countries and companies of the [[North–South divide in the World|Global North]] has been referred to as [[global apartheid]]. A related phenomenon is [[technological apartheid]], a term used to describe the denial of modern technologies to [[Third World]] or [[developing country|developing]] nations. The last two examples use the term "apartheid" less literally since they are centred on relations between countries, not on disparate treatment of social populations within a country or political jurisdiction.