Russia

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|Russian artists|Russian architecture|List of Russian architects}}
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| image1            = Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Karl Bryullov]], ''[[The Last Day of Pompeii]]'' (1833)}}
| image2            = Winter Palace Panorama 3.jpg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[Winter Palace]] served as the [[official residence]] of the [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]].}}
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Early Russian painting is represented in [[Russian icons|icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s. In the early 15th century, the master icon painter [[Andrei Rublev]] created some of Russia's most treasured religious art.<ref name="Art">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/46.htm |title=Russia – Architecture and Painting |editor=Glenn E. Curtis |year=1998 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Russian Academy of Arts]], which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia.<ref name="Curtis-1998-2"/> In the 18th century, academicians [[Ivan Argunov]], [[Dmitry Levitzky]], [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]] became influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grover |first=Stuart R. |title=The World of Art Movement in Russia |jstor=128091 |doi=10.2307/128091 |pages=28–42 |volume=32 |number=1 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=January 1973}}</ref> The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by [[Karl Briullov]] and [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]], both of whom were known for [[Romanticism|Romantic]] historical canvases.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2018 |volume=77 |number=1 |jstor=26565352 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |last=Dianina |first=Katia |title=The Making of an Artist as National Hero |pages=122–150|doi=10.1017/slr.2018.13 |s2cid=165942177 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sibbald |first=Balb |title=If the soul is nourished ... |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=5 February 2002 |volume=166 |number=3 |pages=357–358 |pmc=99322}}</ref> [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of [[marine art]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leek|first=Peter|year=2012|title=Russian Painting|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-780-42975-5|page=178}}</ref>

In the 1860s, a group of critical [[Realism (arts)|realists]] ([[Peredvizhniki]]), led by [[Ivan Kramskoy]], [[Ilya Repin]] and [[Vasiliy Perov]] broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valkenier |first=Elizabeth Kridl |title=The Peredvizhniki and the Spirit of the 1860s |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1975 |volume=34 |number=3 |pages=247–265 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.2307/127973 |jstor=127973}}</ref> The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]]; represented by [[Mikhail Vrubel]] and [[Nicholas Roerich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeder |first=Roberta |title=Mikhail Vrubel': A Russian Interpretation of "fin de siècle" Art |jstor=4207296 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=54 |number=3 |date=July 1976 |pages=323–334}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=Kenneth |title=Nicholas Roerich and His Theatrical Designs: A Research Survey |jstor=1478046 |doi=10.2307/1478046 |volume=18 |number=2 |publisher=Dance Studies Association |journal=[[Congress on Research in Dance#Dance Research Journal|Dance Research Journal]] |pages=3–6 |year=1986|s2cid=191516851 }}</ref> The [[Russian avant-garde]] flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; and globally influential artists from this era were [[El Lissitzky]],<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=CAA |pages=437–439 |doi=10.2307/3049132 |jstor=3049132 |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |date=September 1973 |volume=55 |number=3 |last=Birnholz |first=Alan C. |title=Notes on the Chronology of El Lissitzky's Proun Compositions}}</ref> [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Marc Chagall]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salmond |first=Wendy |title=The Russian Avant-Garde of the 1890s: The Abramtsevo Circle |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Museum |volume=60/61 |year=2002 |pages=7–13 |publisher=The [[Walters Art Museum]] |jstor=20168612}}</ref>

The history of [[Russian architecture]] begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the [[architecture of Kievan Rus'|church architecture of Kievan Rus']].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conant |first=Kenneth John |title=Novgorod, Constantinople, and Kiev in Old Russian Church Architecture |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |doi=10.2307/3020237 |jstor=3020237 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=3 |number=2 |date=August 1944 |pages=75–92}}</ref> Following the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']], for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by [[Byzantine architecture#Legacy|Byzantine architecture]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voyce |first=Arthur |year=1957 |title=National Elements in Russian Architecture |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=6–16 |doi=10.2307/987741 |issn=0037-9808 |jstor=987741}}</ref> [[Aristotle Fioravanti]] and other Italian architects brought [[Renaissance]] trends into Russia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jarzombek |first1=Mark M. |last2=Prakash |first2=Vikramaditya |last3=Ching |first3=Frank |title=A Global History of Architecture |edition=2nd |date=2010 |page=544 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40257-3}}</ref> The 16th century saw the development of the unique [[tent-like church]]es; and the [[onion dome]] design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lidov |first=Alexei |title=The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes |url=https://www.academia.edu/2694753 |journal=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2005 |pages=171–180}}</ref> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and [[Yaroslavl]], gradually paving the way for the [[Naryshkin baroque]] of the 1680s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Lindsey A. J. |title=Western European Graphic Material as a Source for Moscow Baroque Architecture |volume=55 |number=4 |date=October 1977 |pages=433–443 |jstor=4207533 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref>

After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. The 18th-century taste for [[Rococo]] architecture led to the [[Elizabethan Baroque|splendid works]] of [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] and his followers. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; [[Vasily Bazhenov]], [[Matvey Kazakov]], and [[Ivan Starov]], created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed.<ref name="Art"/> During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great |last=Munro |first=George |publisher=[[Farleigh Dickinson University]] Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8386-4146-0 |location=[[Cranbury, New Jersey|Cranbury]] |page=233}}</ref> Under Alexander I, [[Empire style]] became the ''de facto'' architectural style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ivask |first=George |title=The "Empire" Period |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1954 |volume=13 |number=3 |pages=167–175 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.2307/125968 |jstor=125968}}</ref> The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] and [[Russian Revival]] style.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wortman |first1=Richard S. |last2=Marker |first2=Gary |title=Visual Texts, Ceremonial Texts, Texts of Exploration: Collected Articles on the Representation of Russian Monarchy |date=2014 |section= The "Russian Style" in Church Architecture as Imperial Symbol after 1881 |isbn=978-1-618-11347-4 |publisher=[[Academic Studies Press]] |jstor=j.ctt21h4wkb.15 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt21h4wkb.15 |doi-access=free |pages=208–237}}</ref> In the early 20th century, [[Russian neoclassical revival]] became a trend.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brumfield |first=William C. |title=Anti-Modernism and the Neoclassical Revival in Russian Architecture, 1906–1916 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |pages=371–386 |volume=48 |number=4 |date=December 1989 |doi=10.2307/990455 |jstor=990455}}</ref> Prevalent styles of the late 20th century were [[Art Nouveau architecture in Russia|Art Nouveau]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brumfield |first=William |title=The Decorative Arts in Russian Architecture: 1900-1907 |jstor=1503933 |doi=10.2307/1503933 |volume=5 |pages=12–27 |journal=The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts |publisher=[[Florida International University]] Board of Trustees |year=1987}}</ref> [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fer |first=Briony |title=Metaphor and Modernity: Russian Constructivism |jstor=1360263 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=14–30 |volume=12 |number=1 |year=1989 |journal=Oxford Art Journal|doi=10.1093/oxartj/12.1.14 }}</ref> and [[Stalinist architecture|Socialist Classicism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |title=To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization |last=Zubovich-Eady |first=Katherine |year=2013 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120150146/https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>