Jerusalem

==Economy==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 19135 Israel Bank in Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|[[Bank of Israel]]]]
Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was far from the major ports of [[Jaffa]] and [[Gaza City|Gaza]].<ref name=politics67>{{Cite book |title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |isbn=978-0-231-10640-5 |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=207–10}}</ref> Jerusalem's religious and cultural landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the Western Wall and the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]].<ref name=cbs/> In 2010, Jerusalem was named the top leisure travel city in Africa and the Middle East by [[Travel + Leisure|''Travel + Leisure magazine'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2010/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/15 |title=World's Best Awards 2010 – Africa and the Middle East |access-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712140230/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2010/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/15 |archive-date=12 July 2010}}</ref>
in 2013, 75% of the 3.5&nbsp;million tourists to Israel visited Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/2013-record-year-for-tourism-government-says |title=2013 'record year' for tourism, government says |author=Yiffa Yaakov |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=10 January 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Hotzvimview.jpg|thumb|[[Har Hotzvim]] high-tech park]]
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centred in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.<ref name=politics67/> Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial centre, a growing number of [[high tech]] companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624113544/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2011 |title=Bet your bottom dollar? |author=Gil Zohar |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> Northern Jerusalem's [[Har Hotzvim]] industrial park and the [[Jerusalem Technology Park]] in south Jerusalem are home to large [[Research and Development]] centres of international tech companies, among them [[Intel Corporation|Intel]], [[Cisco Systems]], [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries]], [[IBM]], [[Mobileye]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Medtronic]] and more.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |publisher=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |title=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |access-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427222723/http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |archive-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> In April 2015, [[Time Magazine]] picked Jerusalem as one of the five emerging tech hubs in the world, proclaiming that "The city has become a flourishing centre for biomed, cleantech, Internet/mobile startups, accelerators, investors and supporting service providers."<ref>[http://time.com/3836714/5-tech-hubs-world/ 5 Emerging Tech Hubs From Around The World] ''Time'', 28 April 2015</ref>
[[File:Jerusalem_Israel,_Jerusalém_-_Shopping_de_Rua_(5172398236).jpg|thumb|[[Mamilla Mall]] adorned with upscale shops stands just outside the Old City Walls.]]
[[File:MalhaMallApr192023_01.jpg|thumb|[[Malha Mall]]]]
Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Employed Persons, by Industry, District and Sub-District of Residence, 2005 |access-date=11 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614014211/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> During the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]], a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of [[Jerusalem stone]] in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city.<ref name=BIUmandate/> Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of [[heavy industry]] in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure". By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.<ref name=cbs/> Only 8.5% of the [[Jerusalem District]] work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%).

Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967, East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.<ref name=politics67/> Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian [[labor force|labour force]] accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older—lower in comparison to that of Tel Aviv (58.0%) and [[Haifa]] (52.4%).<ref name=cbs/> Poverty remains a problem in the city as 37% of the families in Jerusalem lived in 2011 below the poverty line. According to a report by the [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]] (ACRI), 78% of Arabs in Jerusalem lived in poverty in 2012, up from 64% in 2006. While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system, [[Ir Amim]] blames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem.<ref name=Hasson>{{cite news |first=Nir |last=Hasson |title=Report: 78% of East Jerusalem Palestinians live in poverty |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/report-78-of-east-jerusalem-palestinians-live-in-poverty-1.431384?localLinksEnabled=false |work=Haaretz |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

The increasing number of educated Palestinians in Jerusalem has brought about positive economic changes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinian Entrepreneur Seeks to Turn Jerusalem Into Startup City - Together With Jews |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-12-19/ty-article/.premium/turning-jerusalem-into-startup-city/0000017f-e126-d804-ad7f-f1fe221c0000 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> Through reforms and initiatives in sectors like technology, tourism, trade, and infrastructure, they have helped drive economic growth, create jobs, and improve living conditions in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JestWebsite |url=http://jesthub.org/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=jesthub.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supporting East Jerusalem Entrepreneurs |url=https://thisweekinpalestine.com/supporting-east-jerusalem-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=This Week in Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref> Various joint summits between Israeli and Palestinian entrepreneurs have been held in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGO brings together Israeli and Palestinian entrepreneurs |url=https://azrielifoundation.org/media/ngo-brings-together-israeli-and-palestinian-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=The Azrieli Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Palestine Investment Fund]] have proposed various projects in Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaar Jeruslalem {{!}} Home |url=https://amaar-jerusalem.com/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=amaar-jerusalem.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Khaled |date=20 September 2020 |title=Tourism sector Eng page - PIF |url=https://www.pif.ps/tourism-sector-eng-page/,%20https://www.pif.ps/tourism-sector-eng-page/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Palestinian industrialist [[Bashar Masri]] sought to make heavy investments in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Talk with Bashar Masri, Business, Economics and Homeland |url=https://jerusalem.24fm.ps/11680.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Jerusalem24 |language=en-US}}</ref> PA controlled industrial areas are located outskirts of Jerusalem, primarily in [[Bir Nabala]], [[Abu Dis]] and [[Eizariya]], engaging in manufacture of tires, food products and concretes.<ref>[http://www.maan-ctr.org/old/pdfs/BirNabala.pdf Bir Nabala: A Devastating Blow to the Economy] Ma'an Development Center and Bir Nabala Village Council Chairman Haj Tawfik Nabeli. February 2007.</ref>

High-tech industry is emerged among Palestinian society of Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestinian innovation is going global and its first stop is Dubai |url=https://www.wamda.com/2022/10/palestinian-innovation-going-global-dubai |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Wamda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferziger |first=Jonathan |date=4 September 2023 |title=Palestinian interns dodge obstacles for tech opportunities |url=https://circuit.news/2023/09/04/palestinian-interns-dodge-obstacles-for-tech-opportunities/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=The Circuit |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, Israel opened a technology park in East Jerusalem, known as EasTech. Local Palestinian engineers are employed in the complex by multinational companies, some of which includes [[AT&T]], [[Natural Intelligence]], [[Nvidia]], [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]] and [[Synamedia]]. Station J, an innovation hub is located in Sheikh Jarrah, which is yet another tech hub for Palestinians in the city. Hani Alami, a Jerusalem-based Palestinian entrepreneur have setup a startup accelerator.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinian Entrepreneur Seeks to Turn Jerusalem Into Startup City - Together With Jews |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-12-19/ty-article/.premium/turning-jerusalem-into-startup-city/0000017f-e126-d804-ad7f-f1fe221c0000 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> As a part of [[Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts]], interaction between Israeli and Palestinian business community, also contributes in growth of Palestinian IT sector in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Israeli and Palestinian architects and planners seek common ground on innovation, entrepreneurship |url=https://news.mit.edu/2019/israeli-and-palestinian-architects-planners-find-common-ground-around-innovation-0307 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoller |first=Kristin |title=Here's How Young Palestinian And Israeli Entrepreneurs Are Forging Co-Existence Through Startups |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinstoller/2022/06/02/heres-how-young-palestinian-and-israeli-entrepreneurs-are-forging-co-existence-through-startups/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
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